Nanming (English spelling)

Japanese: 南明 - なんみん（英語表記）Nan-ming

A general term for the dynasties (1645-62) established in various southern regions by members of the Ming royal family after the fall of the Ming Dynasty. In the 17th year of the Chongzhen era (44), the Ming Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide in the Li Zicheng Rebellion. The Manchu army led by Dorgon pursued Li Zicheng and entered Beijing, and the Qing Dynasty began to rule China. Many Ming officials submitted to the Qing Dynasty. However, some of the remaining Ming subjects, who supported the descendants of the Ming royal family, resisted the Qing Dynasty and devoted all their efforts to the restoration of the Han people. The first was when King Fu (Zhu Yousong, grandson of Emperor Hongguang and Emperor Wanli) was supported by Shi Kefa and others in Nanjing (45), the second was when King Tang (Zhu Yuji, grandson of Emperor Longwu and the 9th Emperor Hongwu) was supported by Zheng Zhilong and others and enthroned in Fuzhou (45-46), and the third was when King Gui (Yongming King Zhu Youlang, grandson of Emperor Yongli and Emperor Wanli) was supported by Qu Shiqi and others in Zhaoqing, Guangdong (46-62). The above are the most representative periods, and are also called the Rebellion of the Three Former Feudal Domains (in contrast to the Rebellion of the Three Feudal Domains led by Wu Sangui and others), but there were also those who supported King Lu Zhu Yihai and King Yi Zhu Youben. Although they all ended in defeat, Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Huangyan mobilized their naval forces to harass the Qing forces in naval battles and often invaded deep into the mainland. In the 16th year of the Yongli era (62), King Gui was killed in Kunming, and Chenggong also died of an illness, after which his power declined, but Chenggong's descendants, who were based in Taiwan, continued to resist until the 22nd year of the Kangxi era (83).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，明朝の滅亡後，明の王室の一族が南方各地に建てた王朝 (1645～62) の総称。崇禎 17 (44) 年の李自成の乱により明の崇禎帝が自殺，続いてドルゴンに率いられる満州軍が李自成を追って北京に入城し，清朝の中国支配が始ると多くの明朝官僚は清朝に服従した。しかし，一部の明朝の遺臣は明王室の子孫を奉じて清朝に抵抗し，漢民族の復興運動に全力を投じた。第1は福王 (朱由崧，弘光帝，万暦帝の孫) が南京で史可法らに擁立された時期 (45) ，第2は唐王 (朱聿鍵，隆武帝，洪武帝9世の孫) が鄭芝龍らに擁立され福州で即位した時期 (45～46) ，第3は桂王 (永明王朱由榔，永暦帝，万暦帝の孫) が広東の肇慶で瞿式耜 (くしきし) らに擁立された時期 (46～62) である。以上が代表的なもので，前三藩の乱 (呉三桂らの三藩の乱に対比して) とも称されるが，そのほかにも魯王朱以海，益王朱由本を奉じて活動するものもあった。それらはいずれも敗北に終ったが，鄭成功や張煌言らは海上勢力を動員して海戦で清軍を苦しめ，しばしば本土深く進攻した。永暦 16 (62) 年桂王が昆明で殺され，成功も病死して以後は勢力が衰え，ただ台湾に拠った成功の子孫が康煕 22 (83) 年まで抗戦を続けた。

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