Petition - petition

Japanese: 請願 - せいがん(英語表記)petition
Petition - petition

It refers to the act of citizens directly expressing their wishes in writing to a national or local public entity regarding certain matters, such as the redress of infringement of rights, the dismissal of public officials, the establishment, repeal or amendment of laws, orders or regulations, and other matters (matters related to governance).

During feudal despotism, when freedom of speech was not guaranteed, suffrage was not recognized, and a judicial system for the relief of rights was not established, petitions were an extremely important means of conveying public opinion to rulers and serving as the only outlet for the relief of people's rights. They were the minimum form of resistance by the governed against despots. A petition merely allows one to request that the relevant state or public organization accept the petition, and does not give one the right to seek a response regarding its contents. In modern nations with a well-developed parliamentary system, petitions are submitted through parliament, so they do not have much political effect. However, they also became the origin of the right of parliamentary initiative.

The oldest and most famous document that stipulates the right of citizens to petition is the British Bill of Rights of 1689. It declares that "it is the right of subjects to petition the King, and all punishment for such petitions is unlawful." Today, many constitutions of various countries recognize the right to petition as a traditional right. Petitions are one of the means of direct democracy that fills the gaps of representative government, and can be said to be a system that plays a role in injecting fresh political opinions of the people into national politics. The "Constitution of the Empire of Japan" recognized petitions (Article 30), and detailed provisions were set out in the Petition Order (Imperial Ordinance No. 37 of 1917) regarding petitions to the Emperor and administrative agencies. The "Constitution of Japan" recognizes the right to peacefully petition (Article 16). Provisions regarding petitions in general are found in the Petition Law (Law No. 13 of 1947), petitions to the Diet are found in the Diet Law (Articles 79-82), and petitions to local assemblies are found in the Local Autonomy Law (Articles 124 and 125).

[Ito Isao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国民が国または地方の公共団体に対して、ある事項に関する希望を文章により、直接、陳述する行為をいう。その対象となる事項は、権利侵害の救済、公務員の罷免、法律・命令または規則の制定・廃止・改正、その他(統治上の利害関係に関する事項)である。

 言論の自由が保障されず、参政権が認められず、また司法的な権利救済制度が整備されていなかった封建的専制時代にあっては、請願は、民意を為政者に伝達し、国民の権利を救済するための唯一のはけ口としてきわめて重要な手段であった。専制者に対する被治者の最小限の抵抗であった。請願は、その受理を相手方の国家または公共団体の機関に要求しうるだけで、内容についての回答を求める権利ではない。議会制度が発達した近代国家においては、請願は議会を通じて行われるようになったため、政治的効果は大きくない。しかし、それは議員発案権の起源ともなったのである。

 国民の請願権を規定した古くて有名なものは、1689年のイギリスの権利章典Bill of Rightsである。「王に請願するは臣民の権利であり、かかる請願に対するすべての処罰は違法である」旨が宣言されている。今日、諸国家の憲法は、多く請願権を伝統的な権利として認めている。請願は、代議政治の欠陥を補充する直接民主政治の手段の一つであり、新鮮な国民の政治的意見を国政に注入する役割を果たす制度といえよう。「大日本帝国憲法」では請願が認められ(30条)、天皇、行政官庁に対する請願について請願令(大正6年勅令37号)に詳細な規定が設けられていた。「日本国憲法」は平穏に請願する権利を認めている(16条)。請願一般に関する規定は請願法(昭和22年法律13号)に、国会に対する請願は国会法(79条~82条)、地方議会に対する請願は地方自治法(124条・125条)に規定がある。

[伊藤 勲]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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