Life history

Japanese: 生活史 - せいかつし
Life history

The process from birth to death of an individual organism. At each developmental stage, organisms have unique lifestyles, such as habitat, behavior such as living conditions and activity patterns, nutritional types and feeding methods, reproduction methods, and predators, which change in close relation to environmental, morphological, and physiological changes. The life cycle is an individual life cycle, but it is generally difficult to trace the entire life cycle of a single individual. Usually, multiple individuals belonging to the same population are compared and synthesized to draw a life cycle specific to the population, and the life histories of several populations are compared and synthesized to draw a life history specific to the species. Attempts are also being made to explore the evolution of life histories by comparing the differences in life histories of populations in various natural environments and between different species, especially by comparing quantitative characteristics related to reproduction and survival (reproductive ability, number of reproductions, life span, etc.).

A life cycle is a simplified circular expression of the life cycle centered on the reproductive cells that give birth to the next generation. In many plants, asexual generation, which is the life of a sporophyte with a diploid nucleus (2n phase) that forms spores, and sexual generation, which is the life of a gametophyte with a haploid nucleus (n phase) that forms gametes, are alternately repeated, and this corresponds to nuclear phase alternation. In many animals, the diploid generation (2n generation), which corresponds to the asexual generation of plants, is the main part of the life cycle, and is sexual. Aphids, which are pests of plants, have seasonally different life cycles, alternating between a unisexual viviparous generation (spring to summer) and a hermaphrodite generation (autumn). This type of phase is called an annual life cycle and is distinguished from a general life cycle. Note that life cycle and life cycle are often used in general terms to simply mean the life span or length of an organism's life.

[Masahide Yuma]

[Reference] | Life cycle

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物個体が出生してから死亡するまでの過程。生物は発育段階ごとに、環境的・形態的・生理的変化と密接に関連して変化する生息場所、すみ方や活動型などの行動、栄養の種類や摂食法、繁殖の仕方、外敵などの特有の生活様式をもつが、その全系列をさしている。生活史は個別に各個体が送るものであるが、1個の個体についての全生活史を追跡することは一般に困難であり、通常、同じ個体群に属する複数の個体について比較総合して個体群特有の生活史を描き、さらにいくつかの個体群の生活史を比較総合して種特有の生活史を描き出す。さまざまな自然環境下での個体群ごとの生活史の違いや異種間での生活史の違いを比較し、とりわけ繁殖や生存に関する量的性質(増殖力、繁殖回数、寿命など)を比較することによって、生活史の進化を探る試みも行われている。

 生活史を、次世代を生ずる生殖細胞を中心として環状に簡略化して表現したものを生活環という。多くの植物では、核相が複相(2n相)で胞子を形成する胞子体の生活である無性世代と、核相が単相(n相)で配偶子を形成する配偶体の生活である有性世代とが、交互に繰り返される世代交代が認められ、核相交代と一致している。多くの動物では、植物の無性世代に相当する複相世代(2n世代)が生活環の主体であり、しかも有性的である。植物の害虫であるアブラムシ類では季節的に異なる型の生活史をもち、単性胎生世代(春から夏)と両性世代(秋)とが交代する。このような様相は周年生活環といい、一般の生活環とは区別している。なお、生活史や生活環を単に生物の一生やその長さという意味で一般的に用いられることも多い。

[遊磨正秀]

[参照項目] | 生活環

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Hours of living

>>:  Life form - Seikatsukei (English spelling)

Recommend

Ewondo tribe - Ewondo tribe

…The Bantu language tribes are said to have origi...

Erichsen test

A material test carried out to check the formabil...

Kyokushi [village] - Kyokushi

A village in Kikuchi County in northern Kumamoto P...

Kudzu Pine Grove - Kudzu no Matsubara

A book on haiku poetry from the early Edo period. ...

Levaillant, F. (English notation)LevaillantF

...The period from 1780 to 1830 was the golden ag...

Mimosusogawa Utaawase - Mimosusogawa Utaawase

Saigyo's personal poetry contest, dedicated to...

Aranda - Aranda (English spelling)

An ethnic group of Australian Aboriginals. Also c...

Kihiho

…A Chinese Ming dynasty literati. Born in Kunshan...

Sri Lankan Art - Sri Lankan Art

Art centered on Buddhism that developed in ancient...

《Tristes tropiques》(English spelling)

His major works include "The Fundamental Str...

Mackenzie, William Lyon

Born March 12, 1795 in Dundee, Scotland [Died] Aug...

International Women's Day

International Women's Day is an international ...

Dolonnor (English spelling)

A town in the south of Xilingol League, southeaste...

Mean sun - Heikin Taiyo (English spelling) Mean sun

Since the Earth revolves around the Sun in an elli...

Electroolfactory Gram

…For example, the electroretinogram records the p...