Surabaya - Surabaya (English spelling)

Japanese: スラバヤ - すらばや(英語表記)Surabaya
Surabaya - Surabaya (English spelling)

A port city on the northeast coast of Java Island, Indonesia. It is the capital of East Java Province. It is located at the mouth of the Kalimas River, a tributary of the Brantas River. It has a long and narrow Surabaya Channel between it and Madura Island on the opposite bank. It is the second largest city after the capital Jakarta, with a population of about 2,954,400 (2001 estimate) and 2,885,245 (2018 estimate). The name of the city means "river where crocodiles live". After World War II, various industries such as textiles, machinery, ships, and oil refineries developed, and it became one of Indonesia's important industrial areas. Due to its strategic location, it was once an important base for the Dutch Navy and is now an important base for the Indonesian Navy. The city stretches along the Kalimas River, stretching for about 20 kilometers from north to south, but the central part of the city where the Kalimas River branches into two is the urban center, and the bustling Tanjungan Street is a shopping center. The west side of the river is a residential and school district, and the east side is a residential area for Chinese and Arabs. The southeastern zoo is known for its Komodo dragons and is home to the National University of Erlanger.

[Atsuhiko Bekki]

history

During the Dutch colonial period, it flourished as the political, economic and cultural center of eastern Java, and was also the most important base for the Dutch East India Company's navy. It was also one of the bases of the Indonesian nationalist movement, and the leader of the first fully-fledged mass organization, the Islamic League (Sarekat Islam), Tjokroaminoto (1882-1935), was active here, and it was here that the young Sukarno was influenced. In 1935, the headquarters of the Parindra Party, founded by the doctor Soetomo (1888-1938) and others, played an important role as the largest nationalist political party until the Japanese military occupation.

However, what cemented Surabaya's place in history was the fierce street fighting that took place between the Indonesian side and the Allied forces (British Indian Army) in the early stages of the War of Independence. The fighting reached its peak on November 10, 1945, when the Indonesian side put up a courageous resistance under the slogan "Independence or death." Even today, this date is celebrated nationwide every year as "Heroes' Day."

[Kenichi Goto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドネシア、ジャワ島北東岸の港湾都市。東ジャワ州の州都。ブランタス川支流のカリマス川河口に位置する。対岸のマドゥラ島との間に狭長なスラバヤ水道を抱く。首都ジャカルタに次ぐ大都市で、人口約295万4400(2001推計)、288万5245(2018推計)。地名は「ワニのすむ川」の意。第二次世界大戦後、織物、機械、船舶、精油など各種工業が発展し、インドネシアの重要工業地帯の一つとなった。またこの地の戦略的位置から、かつてはオランダ海軍、現在はインドネシア海軍の重要基地となっている。市街はカリマス川に沿い、南北約20キロメートルにわたり細長く延びるが、カリマス川が二つに分岐する市の中央部が都心で、にぎやかなタンジュンガン通りはショッピングセンターとなっている。川の西側は住宅・学校地区、東側は中国人、アラブ人などの居住地区である。南東部の動物園はコモドオオトカゲを飼育していることで知られる。国立エルランガ大学がある。

[別技篤彦]

歴史

オランダ植民地時代を通じジャワ東部の政治・経済・文化の中心都市として繁栄するとともに、オランダ東インド会社海軍の最重要基地でもあった。同時にインドネシアの民族主義運動の拠点の一つであり、最初の本格的な大衆組織イスラム同盟(サレカット・イスラム)の指導者チョクロアミノトTjokroaminoto(1882―1935)が活躍し、その下で若き日のスカルノが影響を受けたのもこの町であった。また1935年、医師ストモSoetomo(1888―1938)らを中心に結成されたパリンドラ党の本部が置かれたが、同党は日本軍政に至るまでの期間、最大の民族主義政党として重要な役割を果たした。

 しかし、スラバヤの名を歴史的に不動なものとしたのは、独立戦争の初期インドネシア側と連合軍(英印軍)との間で展開された激しい市街戦であった。とくに1945年11月10日は、戦闘がピークに達し、インドネシア側は「独立か死か」の呼びかけの下に果敢な抵抗を行った。この日は、今日でも「英雄の日」として毎年全国的に祝われている。

[後藤乾一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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