It is the capital of Hajdū-Bihar County in eastern Hungary. It is the country's second largest city, located about 190 km east of the capital Budapest. It has a population of 211,034 (2001). It is a railway hub for both domestic and international routes, and is the economic, cultural and political center of the eastern region. It has various industries, including pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, food, leather and tobacco. It has a university (founded around 1550), an academy and a library. The Ethnographic Museum is famous for its vast collection of items bequeathed by the wealthy Viennese merchant Deli, as well as domestic and foreign jewels, precious metal art objects and arms. [Kazuo Furukawa] historySlavs lived here until the Magyars occupied it in the 10th century. In 1361, it gained city rights such as the freedom to elect judges and the right to hold markets, and established the foundations of a market town. After the invasion of the Ottoman Turks, the country was divided into three parts (1541), and many cities fell into ruin or decline. However, it developed into an important trading city in the Orfeld (Great Plain) in the 16th and 17th centuries, supported by the export of cattle and the development of handicrafts. It also became a center of Protestantism (Calvinism), and with the founding of a university around 1550 (later succeeded by the current University of Debrecen, via Lajos Kossuth University established in 1912) and a printing press in 1561, the Bible and narrative literature (poems, stories, plays) in Magyar were published, which had a great impact on the spread of education and culture, and on the enlightenment of the people's political ideas for national independence. In 1693 it received the title of a Free Kingdom City, guaranteeing municipal autonomy. In 1848, inspired by the February Revolution in Paris, Hungary's first self-responsible government was established, but after a counterattack by the Austrian imperial army, the government and parliament were moved to Debrecen, and on April 14, 1849, the Hungarian government declared the abolition of the Hungarian throne from the House of Habsburg and the independence of Hungary. However, this war of independence ended in failure, as the Russian army, worried about the safety of their country, intervened, and despite the valiant fight of the national army in response to the call of Finance Minister and Chairman of the National Defense Committee Kossuth, the war ended in failure. On December 22, 1944, towards the end of World War II, an anti-Nazi provisional government was established in the land liberated by the Soviet army, and on the 28th of the same month, war was declared against Germany, and Hungary once again played an important historical role as a base for freedom and independence. [Kazuo Furukawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ハンガリー東部、ハイドゥー・ビハル県の県都。首都ブダペスト東方約190キロメートルにある同国第二の都市。人口21万1034(2001)。内外への鉄道の結節地点で、東部の経済、文化、政治の中心地である。医薬品、医療機器、食品、皮革、たばこなどの諸工業がある。大学(1550ころ創立)、アカデミー、図書館がある。民俗博物館は、ウィーンの豪商デリの遺贈品、内外の宝石、貴金属美術品、武具などの膨大なコレクションで有名である。 [古藤田一雄] 歴史10世紀ごろにマジャール人が占領するまではスラブ人が住んでいた。1361年判事選出の自由、市場開催権などの都市権を獲得し、市場町としての基礎を確立する。オスマン・トルコの侵入により国土が三分割(1541)され、多くの都市が没落・衰退したなかで、ウシの輸出と手工業の発達に支えられて16~17世紀にはオルフェルド(大平原)の重要な交易都市に発展した。また新教徒(カルバン派)の中心地となり、1550年ごろの大学の創立(1912年設立のラヨシュ・コシュート大学を経て現デブレツェン大学に引き継がれる)、1561年の印刷所の設立によって、マジャール語の聖書や説話文学書(詩、物語、戯曲)などが刊行され、教育・文化の普及、さらには民族独立への民衆の政治思想の啓蒙(けいもう)に多大な影響を与えた。1693年には自由王国都市の称号を得て、市政の自治が保障されるようになった。 1848年、パリの二月革命に刺激されてハンガリー最初の自主責任内閣が樹立されたが、オーストリア皇帝軍の反撃を受けて政府と議会をデブレツェンに移し、49年4月14日ハプスブルク家のハンガリー王位の廃絶とハンガリーの独立を宣言した。しかし自国の安全に不安を抱いたロシア軍の介入を招き、蔵相兼国防委員会議長コシュートの呼びかけに応じた国民軍の善戦もむなしく、この独立戦争は失敗に終わった。第二次世界大戦末期の1944年12月22日、反ナチの臨時政府がソ連軍の解放したこの地に樹立され、同月28日には対独宣戦が布告されて、ふたたび自由と独立の拠点として重要な歴史的役割を演じた。 [古藤田一雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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