A genus of the Apocynaceae family (APG classification: Apocynaceae), it is a shrub or vine. It is distributed in Africa and Southeast Asia, but the seeds of this genus are generally highly toxic and have long been used as arrow poison. The leaves are opposite (two leaves at one node), and the flowers are relatively large and grow in a terminal cyme. The calyx has five lobes and glandular hairs on the inside. The corolla is funnel-shaped, the flower tube is short, the lobes overlap slightly, and the end sometimes elongates and twists like a tail. There are two carpels and many ovules, and the capsule is oblong or elongated and hard. The seeds are flattened and lanceolate, tapering at the top, and have a tuft of feathery hairs at the end. Livingstone's report (1865) after exploring Tanzania in eastern Africa revealed that the raw material for arrow poison was the seeds of Strophanthus kombe Oliv. Other famous species include S. hispidus DC. and S. gratus (Wall. et Hook.) Baill., both from central and western Africa, and the strophanthin contained in these seeds is a cardiac stimulant that is highly effective in treating cardiac dysfunction and acute cardiac disorders. Unlike digitalis preparations, strophanthin is mostly broken down when taken orally, so it must be administered intravenously. In addition, it is excreted very quickly, so there is no need to worry about the medicinal ingredients accumulating, but long-term treatment is avoided. [Motoo Nagasawa June 21, 2021] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
キョウチクトウ科(APG分類:キョウチクトウ科)の1属で、低木あるいはつる性。アフリカと東南アジアに分布するが、この属の種子は一般に毒性が強いために、古くから矢毒として用いられてきた。葉は対生し(2枚の葉が一つの節につく)、花は比較的大きく、集散花序となって頂生する。萼(がく)は5裂し、内面には腺毛(せんもう)がある。花冠は漏斗(ろうと)状をなし、花筒は短く、裂片はやや重なり、ときに末端は尾状に長く伸びてねじれる。心皮は2個で胚珠(はいしゅ)は多く、袋果(たいかは)長楕円(ちょうだえん)形あるいは細長くて堅い。種子は扁平(へんぺい)な披針(ひしん)形で上端は細くなり、その先に羽毛状の長い毛を房状につける。アフリカ東部のタンザニアを探検したリビングストンの報告(1865)により、初めて矢毒の原料がストロファンツス・コンベS. kombe Oliv.の種子であることがわかった。このほか、アフリカ中西部産のヒスピーダスS. hispidus DC.、グラーツスS. gratus (Wall. et Hook.) Baill.などが有名で、これらの種子に含まれているストロファンチンは強心剤として心機能不全、急性心臓失調などの治療に優れた効果を示す。ストロファンチンはジギタリス製剤と異なり、経口では大部分が分解してしまうため、静脈注射が適用される。また、排泄(はいせつ)がきわめて早いため、薬用成分が蓄積する心配はないが、長期にわたる治療は避けられている。 [長沢元夫 2021年6月21日] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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