In Japan, night work is defined by the Labor Standards Act (Act No. 49 of 1947) as work between 10 pm and 5 am, during which time women and minors under the age of 18 were prohibited from working in principle (Article 61, former Article 64-3). However, as described below, the ban on night work for women, except for pregnant women and nursing mothers, was abolished in 1997 (current Article 64-3, Act No. 92 of 1997). Night work, which ignores the natural and physiological human need to rest and sleep at night, is harmful to the health of all workers, but it has a particularly serious impact on women who need maternity protection and on young people who are still growing. For this reason, the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the "Convention relating to the Employment of Women at Night" (ILO Convention No. 4) and the "Convention relating to Night Work of Minors Employed in Industry" (ILO Convention No. 5) at its first general conference in 1919. Both conventions were revised in 1948 after the Second World War, and Convention No. 89, which regulates women, and Convention No. 90, which regulates minors, strengthened regulations by extending night work from 10 pm to 7 am, longer than the hours in Japan. In Japan, before the Second World War, women worked late night shifts in two 12-hour shifts, mainly in the textile industry, and as revealed in the famous "Lamentations of a Factory Girl" (1925) by Hosoi Wakizo, this, combined with the poor working conditions, placed female workers in miserable conditions. The Factory Act enacted in 1911 (Meiji 44) prohibited women and minors under the age of 16 from working late night hours, but due to fierce opposition from spinning capitalists, its implementation was long delayed, and it was not until 1929 (Showa 4) that it came into force. According to the Labor Standards Act, male workers over the age of 18 are not subject to any restrictions on night work, but if they work night work, employers must pay them at least 25% extra wages on their regular wages (Article 37). However, Japan's Labor Standards Act has allowed for many exceptions to night work. First, night work is not prohibited for men over the age of 16 who are employed on a shift system. Second, night work is permitted in cases where temporary work is performed due to disasters or other reasons. Third, night work is permitted in special industries and industries that are not very harmful to women's health. Major examples of the former include agriculture and forestry, health and hygiene, food and restaurants, and telephone services, while major examples of the latter include flight attendants and film and broadcasting-related work. Furthermore, the enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1985) significantly expanded the scope of women who are exempt from the ban on night work (revised Labor Standards Act, enforced in April 1986). Subsequently, with the amendment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law in 1997 (effective from 1999), the Labor Standards Law's provisions protecting women were abolished, and restrictions on night work were lifted for female workers, except for pregnant women and nursing mothers. In addition, the 1997 amendment to the Child Care and Family Care Leave Act established a system that restricts late-night work for workers who are involved in childcare or family care, regardless of gender. [Yoshio Yuasa] [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
わが国の場合、深夜業とは、労働基準法(昭和22年法律49号)によって定められた、午後10時から午前5時までの間の労働をいい、この時間帯においては、原則として女性と18歳未満の年少者の就業は禁止されていた(61条、旧64条の3)。しかし、後述のように女性については、1997年(平成9)に、妊産婦を除いて深夜業の禁止規定が撤廃された(現64条の3、平成9年法律92号による)。 夜間には休養や睡眠をとるという人間の自然的、生理的な条件を無視した深夜業は、あらゆる労働者の健康に有害であるが、とりわけ母性保護の必要な女性や、成長途上の年少者に与える影響は深刻である。このため、ILO(国際労働機関)は、早くも1919年の第1回総会において、「夜間における婦人使用に関する条約」(ILO条約第4号)と、「工業に使用される年少者の深夜業に関する条約」(ILO条約第5号)を採択した。この両条約は第二次世界大戦後の48年に改正され、女性を規定した第89号条約と年少者を規定した第90号条約は、わが国の規定よりも長い午後10時より午前7時の間を深夜業とし、その規制を強化した。 わが国においては、第二次世界大戦前、おもに繊維産業を中心に12時間二交替制による女性の深夜業が行われ、有名な細井和喜蔵(わきぞう)の『女工哀史』(1925)によって明らかにされているように、女性労働者は劣悪な労働環境とも結合して悲惨な状況に置かれていた。1911年(明治44)に成立した工場法は、女性と16歳未満の年少者の深夜業を禁止したが、紡績資本家の激しい反対のために、その実施は長く延期され、それが施行されるようになるのは29年(昭和4)になってからであった。 労働基準法によれば、満18歳以上の男性労働者は深夜業の規制をいっさい受けないが、深夜業に就労した場合、使用者は通常の賃金に対して25%以上の割増賃金を支払わなければならない(37条)。しかし、深夜業に関してもわが国の労働基準法は多くの例外を認めてきた。第一に、交替制によって使用される満16歳以上の男性については、深夜業は禁止されない。第二に、災害その他の理由で臨時の作業を行う場合である。第三に、特殊な業種や女性の健康にあまり有害でない業種は深夜業が認められている。前者では、農林、保健衛生、料理・飲食店、電話の事業などが、後者では、航空機の客室乗務員、映画・放送関係業務などが主要なものである。さらに男女雇用機会均等法の成立(1985)によって深夜業禁止の除外を受ける女性の範囲は著しく拡大された(改正労働基準法、1986年4月施行)。 その後、深夜業を禁止されていた女性労働者については、1997年の男女雇用機会均等法改正(99年より施行)に伴い、労働基準法の女子保護規定が撤廃され、妊産婦を除いて、深夜業についての規制が解消された。 また、1997年の育児・介護休業法改正で、育児や介護を行う労働者については、男女を問わず、深夜業を制限する制度が設けられている。 [湯浅良雄] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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