Sudan

Japanese: スーダン

◎Official name: Republic of the Sudan (al-Jumhuriya al-Sudaniya). ◎Area: 1,881,000 ^km2 . ◎Population: 39.15 million (2008). ◎Capital: Khartoum (1.41 million, 2008). ◎Residents: Arab in the north, Nilubian and Sudanese in the south. ◎Religion: Islam (Sunni) predominates in the north, Christianity in the south. There are also indigenous religions. ◎Languages: Arabic (official language), Dinka, Nuer, etc. ◎Currency: Sudanese Pound. ◎Head of State: President, Omer Hassan Ahmed AL-BASHIR (born 1944, took power in a coup in June 1989, took office in October 1993, elected for a sixth term in April 2015, five-year term). ◎Constitution - Provisional constitution enacted in July 2005. ◎National Assembly - National Assembly (450 seats, 6-year term). ◎GDP - $58.4 billion (2008). ◎GNP per capita - $810 (2006). ◎Proportion of people employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing - 58.3% (2003). ◎Life expectancy - 60.3 years for men, 63.9 years for women (2013). ◎Infant mortality rate - 66‰ (2010). ◎Literacy rate - 69% (2008). ＊＊Republic in northeastern Africa. Located in the upper reaches of the Nile River, the Blue Nile and the White Nile basins, it is generally a plateau with an altitude of 200-500m, with the Kordofan Plateau in the center and the Marra Mountains in the west reaching an altitude of 3071m. It lies between 4° and 22° north latitude, with the north being an arid zone and the south a hot and humid tropical rainforest. Most of the population is engaged in agriculture and livestock farming, and cotton and gum arabic are major exports. Other crops include cereals, dates, groundnuts, coffee, and rice. Livestock include cattle, sheep, and goats. There is a small food industry. Mineral resources such as gold, copper, and manganese are also available, but they are undeveloped. Economic development plans are being implemented, such as the expansion of irrigation facilities. Since ancient times, the country has had close ties with Egypt and Ethiopia, and Arabs immigrated there after the 7th century, and Islamization progressed. After defeating the Mahdist national independence movement that began in 1881, the country was made a joint territory of Britain and Egypt in 1899, and became Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. It gained independence as a republic in 1956, but around that time, civil wars continued due to the conflict between the ``Arab/Islamic north'' and the ``African/non-Islamic south'' that had been formed during the colonial period. Peace was achieved under the Numeiri government, which came to power in a coup in 1969, but the implementation of Islamic law and the failure of the southern policy led to a second civil war. In 1983, the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLA/SPLM) were formed in the south, and fighting intensified with the support of Ethiopia. In 1989, the National Islamic Front took power in a coup and promoted an authoritarian regime, making the prospects for peace bleak, but a three-month ceasefire was agreed upon in July 1998. The death toll from the civil war is estimated at 2 million. President Bashir conducted peace negotiations with the Sudan People's Liberation Army, and in January 2005, the two sides signed a comprehensive peace agreement, which resulted in the establishment of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Government in the south. In January 2011, a national referendum was held in South Sudan on independence, with the Sudanese separatists winning and gaining independence on July 9 of the same year. The country was immediately admitted to the United Nations (July 14, 2011). However, conflicts continued over the ownership of oil fields in the border area, and in April 2012, Sudanese President Bashir declared that he would "liberate the people of South Sudan from the SPLM" and began bombing South Sudan, threatening to use force to block South Sudan's oil exports. The United Nations, with the support of the African Union, called for an immediate ceasefire and negotiations between the two countries, and passed a resolution at the Security Council. In May, Sudan accepted the resolution, and both sides withdrew their troops from the disputed areas and peace talks resumed. After north-south negotiations and a summit meeting, the two governments signed a comprehensive set of nine agreements on outstanding issues between the two countries in September. However, the economic blow to Sudan was great, as it lost most of its oil fields, its biggest source of income, with the independence of South Sudan. Furthermore, the cost of the war increased, and domestic anti-government forces became active, leading to a crisis not only between the two countries but also within the country. In December 2013, a part of the military led by the former vice president staged a coup in South Sudan, plunging the country into civil war. In October 2013, President Bashir declared that general and presidential elections would be held in 2015 (the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) selected Bashir as the next presidential candidate in October 2014). In January 2014, the National Dialogue Mechanism was launched, which aims to resolve political conflicts with the opposition (such as the National Umma Party) and anti-government forces, with the agenda of domestic peace, political freedom, poverty alleviation, and identity.
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Japanese:

◎正式名称−スーダン共和国al-Jumhuriya al-Sudaniya／Republic of the Sudan。◎面積−188万1000km²。◎人口−3915万人（2008）。◎首都−ハルツームKhartum（141万人，2008）。◎住民−北部ではアラブ，南部ではナイル系，スーダン系の多数の民族。◎宗教−北部ではイスラム（スンナ派），南部ではキリスト教が優勢。ほかに土着宗教。◎言語−アラビア語（公用語），ディンカ語，ヌエル語など。◎通貨−スーダン・ポンドSudanese Pound。◎元首−大統領，オマル・ハサン・アフマド・アル・バシールOmer Hassan Ahmed AL-BASHIR（1944年生れ，1989年６月クーデタで政権獲得，1993年10月就任，2015年４月６選，任期５年）。◎憲法−2005年７月暫定憲法施行。◎国会−国民議会（定員450，任期６年）。◎GDP−584億ドル（2008）。◎１人当りGNP−810ドル（2006）。◎農林・漁業就業者比率−58.3％（2003）。◎平均寿命−男60.3歳，女63.9歳（2013）。◎乳児死亡率−66‰（2010）。◎識字率−69％（2008）。　　　　＊　　　　＊アフリカ北東部の共和国。ナイル川上流部，青ナイル，白ナイルの流域にあり，全般に標高200〜500mの高原で中央部にコルドファン高原，西部には標高3071mに達するマッラ山脈がある。北緯４°〜22°にあり，北部は乾燥地帯，南部は高温多湿の熱帯雨林。住民の大部分が農業，牧畜に従事し，綿花，アラビアゴムが重要輸出品。他に穀類，デーツ，ラッカセイ，コーヒー，米などの産がある。牧畜は牛，羊，ヤギ。工業は小規模な食品工業。金，銅，マンガンなど鉱産資源もあるが未開発。灌漑(かんがい)施設の拡充など経済開発計画が進められている。　古代からエジプト，エチオピアと密接な関係にあり，７世紀以後アラブ人が移住，イスラム化が進んだ。1881年からのマフディー派の民族独立運動を制して，1899年英国，エジプト両国の共同統治領とされ，アングロ・エジプト・スーダンとなった。1956年共和国として独立したが，その前後から，植民地時代に形づくられた〈アラブ・イスラムの北部〉と〈アフリカ系・非イスラムの南部〉の対立のため，内戦が続いていた。1969年のクーデタで政権についたヌメイリ政権下では和平が成ったが，イスラム法の施行や南部政策の失敗のため，第２次内戦となった。さらに1983年南部でスーダン人民解放軍／スーダン人民解放運動（SPLA／SPLM）が結成され，エチオピアの支援を受けて戦闘は激化した。1989年には〈民族イスラム戦線〉がクーデタで政権について強権体制を進めたため，和平への展望は暗いが1998年７月には３ヵ月の停戦合意がなされた。内戦の死者は200万人にのぼると見られる。バシール大統領はスーダン人民解放軍との和平交渉を進め，2005年１月双方は包括和平合意に調印し，この結果，南に南部スーダン自治政府が樹立された。その後，2011年１月南スーダンで独立の是非を問う国民投票が行われ，スーダンからの分離独立派が勝利し，同年７月９日に独立，ただちに，国連に加盟を認められた（2011年７月14日）。しかし国境地帯の油田の領有権をめぐって紛争が続き，2012年４月，スーダンのバシール大統領は〈SPLMから南スーダン国民を解放する〉と宣言，南スーダンの石油輸出を武力で阻止するとして，南スーダンへの空爆を始めた。国連はアフリカ連合の支援の下で即時停戦と両国の交渉を呼びかけ安全保障理事会で決議し，５月スーダンは決議を受け入れ，係争地からの双方の撤兵と和平協議が再開され，両国政府は南北交渉及び首脳会談を経て，９月２国間の未解決課題に関する包括的な９つの合意文書に署名した。しかし，最大の原資である油田の大半を南スーダン独立で失うスーダンの経済的打撃は大きく，さらに戦費もかさみ，国内反政府勢力の動きも活発で両国間のみならず国内的にも危機的な状況が続いた。2013年12月南スーダンでは前副大統領の率いる軍の一部がクーデタを起こし内戦となった。2013年10月，バシール大統領は2015年の総選挙・大統領選挙の実施を宣言（NCP（与党国民会議党）は2014年10月にバシールを次期大統領候補に選出）。また，2014年１月に国内和平，政治的自由，貧困対策，アイデンティティを議題とする〈国民対話メカニズム〉を開始し，野党（国民ウンマ党など）や反政府勢力との政治的対立の解消を目指している。
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