An academic field that studies the water cycle on Earth and provides basic knowledge for considering water use, securing water resources, recycling-oriented society, environmental conservation, etc. From 1965 to 1974, UNESCO implemented the International Hydrological Decade (IHD) with the aim of researching and disseminating information about hydrology, but the following definition established by UNESCO in 1964 is widely accepted: "Hydrology is the science of the Earth's water, its existence, circulation, distribution and its physical and chemical properties, as well as its interactions with the physical and biological environment, including its response to human activities. Hydrology is the science that embraces the entire history of the Earth's water cycle." [Isamu Kayane] Research FieldThe main research subjects of hydrology are precipitation, ice and snow, evapotranspiration, lakes and marshes, rivers, soil water, groundwater, runoff, erosion and sedimentation, water quality, water resource systems, and water resource management. In the broad sense, hydrology also includes water law (law related to water). The basic branch of hydrology aims to clarify the basic processes of the water cycle from a scientific point of view, and its main subjects are water balance, heat balance, and material balance associated with the water cycle. The applied branch includes engineering hydrology, forest hydrology, agricultural hydrology, urban hydrology, and geohydrology. The purpose of the basic branch is to determine the average value, extreme value, distribution pattern, or time series of hydrological quantities required for civil engineering work such as flood control and water utilization. The applied branch focuses on understanding and predicting the actual state of the water cycle associated with afforestation, deforestation, agricultural land conversion, urbanization, and global warming. Hydrology can be classified according to subject matter into hydrometeorology, river hydrology, mountain hydrology, groundwater hydrology, glacial hydrology, wetland hydrology, etc. In recent years, in response to the worsening of global environmental problems, ecohydrology is forming a new trend as a field that takes into account the conservation of the water environment and biodiversity. [Isamu Kayane] historyThe history of hydrology is as old as humankind itself, with references to the water cycle already found in the Old Testament. However, until the late 17th century, the European world, influenced by theology and the geological characteristics of limestone regions, believed in the so-called reverse circulation theory, which states that seawater seeps into the ground, becomes groundwater, and in the process of infiltration, it turns to freshwater, and then springs out into rivers. Based on actual measurements of precipitation at the source of the Seine, French amateur scientist Pierre Perrault (1608-1680) revealed that the amount of precipitation was six times the amount of river flow, and in 1674 he published a groundbreaking book called On the Origin of Springs. Another Frenchman, E. Mariotte (1620-1684), measured the flow rate of the Seine and revealed that the runoff was only one-fifth of the amount of precipitation. In addition, British astronomer Harry calculated the amount of evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea and found that it was three times the amount of river flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, demonstrating that the amount of evaporation was sufficient to serve as a source of precipitation. These three scientists clarified the water cycle of evaporation-precipitation-runoff through actual measurements, establishing the foundation of modern hydrology. After that, research on water developed separately as limnology, river science, groundwater hydrology, etc., but the IHD marked the beginning of the integration of these individual sciences, and hydrology has established a firm position in the scientific world as an integrated science. These individual sciences are sometimes collectively called limnology, but in Japan limnology is centered on research into water pollution and aquatic biological production, and has a strong flavor of limnological ecology. The international academic organization for hydrology is the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), and in Japan it is represented by the Liaison Committee on Limnological Research of the Science Council of Japan. [Isamu Kayane] "Lectures on Hydrology" by Yamamoto Sotake et al., all 15 volumes and 1 supplementary volume (1972-1992, Kyoritsu Publishing)" ▽ "Lectures on Physical Geography 3: Hydrology" by Kayane Isamu (1980, Daimeido)" ▽ "Lectures on Synoptic Geography 8: Hydrology" edited by Ichikawa Masami (1990, Asakura Publishing)" ▽ "Forest Hydrology" edited by Tsukamoto Yoshinori (1992, Bun'ei-do)" ▽ "Applied Mountain Hydrology" by Yamaguchi Isao (1996, Chikyusha)" ▽ "Hydrosphere Hydrology" by Mizumura Kazumasa (1998, Sankaido)" ▽ "Regional Environmental Hydrology" edited by Maruyama Toshisuke and Mino Toru (1999, Asakura Publishing)" ▽ "Water Environment Science of the Geosphere" by Tosaka Hiroyuki (2006, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Mathematics of the Geosphere's Water Circulation" by Hiroyuki Tosaka (2006, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Hydrology" by W. Brutzerth, translated by Tomoaki Sugita (2008, Kyoritsu Shuppan)" ▽ "Hydrology" edited by Tomoaki Sugita and Tadashi Tanaka (2009, Kyoritsu Shuppan)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地球上における水循環を研究し、水利用、水資源の確保、循環型社会、環境保全などを考えるための基礎知識を提供する学問分野。1965年から1974年まで、水文学の研究と普及を目的としてユネスコの国際水文学十年計画International Hydrological Decade(略してIHD)が実施されたが、それに先だつ1964年にユネスコが定めた次の定義が広く受け入れられている。 「水文学は地球上の水を対象とする科学であり、地球上の水の存在状態、循環、分布、およびその物理的ならびに化学的特性、さらに物理的ならびに生物的環境と水との相互関係を取り扱う科学である。この場合、人間活動への応答が含まれる。水文学は地球上の水循環のすべての歴史を包含する科学である。」 [榧根 勇] 研究分野水文学のおもな研究対象は、降水、氷雪、蒸発散、湖沼、河川、土壌水、地下水、流出、侵食と堆積(たいせき)、水質、水資源システム、水資源管理などで、広義の水文学には水法(水に関係する法律)も含まれる。水文学の基礎部門は、水循環の素過程を理学的立場から解明することを目的としており、水収支と熱収支、および水循環に伴う物質収支がその中心課題である。また応用部門には工学的水文学、森林水文学、農業水文学、都市水文学、地球水文学などがある。基礎部門の目的は治水・利水などの土木施工上必要となる水文量の平均値、極値、分布型、あるいは時系列の決定である。応用部門では土地の植林や伐採、農地化、都市化、地球温暖化に伴う水循環の実態把握とその予測が研究の中心である。 水文学を対象によって分類すると、水文気象学、河川水文学、山地水文学、地下水水文学、氷河水文学、湿地水文学などに分けられる。また近年、地球環境問題の深刻化に呼応して、水環境や生物多様性の保全を視野に入れた分野として、生態水文学が新たな潮流を形成しつつある。 [榧根 勇] 歴史水文学の歴史は人類の歴史と同じくらい古く、すでに『旧約聖書』に水循環に関する記述がある。しかしヨーロッパを中心とする世界では、17世紀後半に至るまで神学と石灰岩地帯という地質特性の影響で、海水が地中へ浸透して地下水となり、浸透の過程で淡水に変わり泉となって川へ湧出(ゆうしゅつ)するといういわゆる逆循環説が信じられていた。フランスのアマチュア科学者ペローPierre Perrault(1608―1680)は、セーヌ川源流部における降水量の実測値に基づいて、降水量は河川流量の6倍もあることを明らかにし、1674年に『泉の起源について』という画期的な書物を発表した。同じくフランス人マリオットE. Mariotte(1620―1684)は、セーヌ川の流量を実測して、流出量は降水量の5分の1にすぎないことを明らかにした。またイギリスの天文学者ハリーは、地中海からの蒸発量を計算し、それが地中海へ流入する河川流量の3倍もあることを明らかにし、降水の源として蒸発量は量的に十分であることを示した。これらの3人によって、蒸発―降水―流出という水循環像が実測によって明らかにされ、近代水文学の基礎が確立したのである。 その後、水に関する研究は湖沼学、河川学、地下水学などとして個別に発達してきたが、IHDを契機としてこれらの個別科学の統合化が進み、水文学は総合科学として科学の世界に確固たる地位を確立するに至った。これらの個別科学を総称して陸水学という場合もあるが、日本の陸水学は水質汚濁や水中の生物生産に関する研究が中心であり、陸水生態学の色彩が濃い。水文学の国際学術団体には国際水文科学協会International Association of Hydrological Sciences(略してIAHS)があり、日本では日本学術会議の陸水研究連絡委員会がその対応体になっている。 [榧根 勇] 『山本荘毅ほか著『水文学講座』全15巻・別巻1(1972~1992・共立出版)』▽『榧根勇著『自然地理学講座3 水文学』(1980・大明堂)』▽『市川正巳編『総観地理学講座8 水文学』(1990・朝倉書店)』▽『塚本良則編『森林水文学』(1992・文永堂)』▽『山口伊佐夫著『応用山地水文学』(1996・地球社)』▽『水村和正著『水圏水文学』(1998・山海堂)』▽『丸山利輔・三野徹編『地域環境水文学』(1999・朝倉書店)』▽『登坂博行著『地圏の水環境科学』(2006・東京大学出版会)』▽『登坂博行著『地圏水循環の数理』(2006・東京大学出版会)』▽『W・ブルツァート著、杉田倫明訳『水文学』(2008・共立出版)』▽『杉田倫明・田中正編著『水文科学』(2009・共立出版)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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