A watertight compartment separated by vertical and horizontal partitions, shell plates, decks, etc., so that the ship does not lose buoyancy even if part of the ship is flooded. Watertightness is the property of not leaking water from joints of steel materials even when water pressure is applied. Partitions with a watertight structure are called watertight bulkheads or supporting bulkheads, and they separate the ship's interior into watertight compartments such as the engine room, cargo hold, and double bottom. There are watertight transverse bulkheads arranged in the direction of cutting the hull, and watertight longitudinal bulkheads arranged in the bow and stern direction. These limit flooding to only the watertight compartments, strengthen the hull structure, and also serve as a protective barrier against fires and a wall for fastening tanks. Typical watertight transverse bulkheads include the bow bulkhead and the stern bulkhead, which protect the bow and stern from collisions and running aground, and the two engine room bulkheads that separate the front and rear ends of the engine room. Every ship must have at least four watertight transverse bulkheads, and larger ships are required to add more transverse bulkheads depending on their length. In addition, tankers and ore carriers use watertight longitudinal bulkheads to divide the cargo holds vertically into two, three, etc. rows for ease of use. Old ships, like rowboats, had almost no bulkheads either vertically or horizontally. It was around 1850 that transverse watertight bulkheads began to be installed to prevent sinking, and at the end of the 19th century, a committee of inquiry into these bulkheads was established in the UK, and research into their structure and arrangement began. Just as the report was being completed, the sinking of the Titanic occurred, drawing the world's attention to this issue. The luxury liner Titanic collided with an iceberg on its maiden voyage in 1912, flooding five watertight compartments in the bow. Although the flooding in these areas alone would not have caused the ship to sink, the sinking of the bow caused flooding in many watertight compartments aft, and the ship eventually sank. Spurred by this maritime disaster, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, signed in 1914, included provisions on the spacing and structure of transverse watertight bulkheads. It stated that passenger ships on international voyages should have watertight transverse bulkheads spaced apart so that they would remain afloat even if any watertight compartment was flooded, and that their structure should be able to withstand the water pressure caused by the increase in draft after flooding. This regulation has been revised many times since then in line with technological advances, and in Japan the details are set out in the Ship Subdivision Regulations in the Ship Safety Act. [Morita Tomoharu] ©Shogakukan "> Watertight compartment (example of crude oil tanker) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
船内の一部が浸水しても船が浮力を失わないように、縦・横の仕切り壁や外板、甲板などで水密に仕切られた区画。水密とは、水圧がかかっても鋼材などの継ぎ目から水が漏れない性質である。水密な構造をもつ仕切り壁を水密隔壁または支水隔壁といい、これによって船内は機関室、貨物倉、二重底などの水密区画に仕切られている。水密隔壁には、船体を輪切りにする方向に配置される水密横隔壁と、船首尾方向に配置される水密縦隔壁とがある。これらは、万一の浸水をその水密区画だけに局限し、船体構造を強化するとともに、火災に対する防護壁、タンクをくぎる壁にもなっている。代表的な水密横隔壁には、船首と船尾を衝突や座礁などから防護する船首隔壁と船尾隔壁、および機関室の前後端を仕切る2枚の機関室隔壁がある。どの船も最小限この4枚の水密横隔壁をもたなければならず、大型船では長さに応じて水密横隔壁を増設することになっている。また、タンカーや鉱石運搬船などでは、水密縦隔壁で貨物倉を縦方向に2列、3列、……とくぎって使いやすくしている。 昔の船は、手こぎのボートのように、縦にも横にもほとんど隔壁をもっていなかった。沈没防止を意識して水密横隔壁が設けられ始めたのは1850年ごろからで、19世紀の末にイギリスでこの隔壁に関する調査委員会が発足し、その構造と配置についての研究が始まった。ちょうどその復命書が完成するころ、タイタニック号の遭難事件が起き、この問題が世の注目を集めた。豪華客船タイタニック号は、1912年の処女航海で氷山と衝突し、船首部の五つの水密区画に浸水した。この部分の浸水だけでは沈没しなかったものが、船首の沈下によって後方の多くの水密区画にまで浸水が及んで、ついには沈没してしまった。この海難事件に刺激されて、1914年に調印された「海上における人命の安全のための国際条約」では、水密横隔壁を配置する間隔とその構造についての規定が盛り込まれた。それは、国際航海をする旅客船はどの水密区画に浸水しても浮いていられるような間隔で水密横隔壁を配置し、浸水後の喫水増加による水圧に耐えられるような構造とする、というものであった。この規定は、その後の技術の進歩に応じてたびたび改正され、日本では船舶安全法のなかの船舶区画規程でその詳細が定められている。 [森田知治] ©Shogakukan"> 水密区画(原油タンカーの例) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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