A type of high-speed boat. The lift generated by the hydrofoils (underwater wings) attached almost parallel to the bottom of the hull to the lower ends of several struts extending from the bottom of the hull lifts the hull above the water, reducing the water resistance of the hull and achieving high speeds. In principle, it is the same as an airplane. At the beginning of forward movement, the buoyancy of the hull keeps the boat afloat, just like an ordinary boat, but as the speed increases, the lift of the hydrofoils increases, and the hull is gradually pushed up and glides on the water surface, and as the speed increases further, the hull leaves the water surface, leaving only the hydrofoils and propellers in the water, and the boat moves at high speed. [Torao Shigezai] FeaturesHydrofoil boats have become popular due to their features such as (1) they can reach speeds about three times faster than ordinary ships of the same horsepower, (2) depending on the type, they can achieve high speeds stably with less impact from waves, (3) they generate very small waves and cause little inconvenience to those around them, (4) they have good maneuverability, a small turning radius, and a short distance to start and stop. On the other hand, their popularity has been limited due to the following problems: (1) they are not suitable for ocean routes, (2) they create a lot of sea spray, and (3) the engine noise and vibrations are loud and uncomfortable to ride. In addition, if the hull is made larger, the hydrofoils must also be made larger, which places a limit on how fast they can be. Therefore, the total weight is generally limited to about 400 to 500 tons. [Torao Shigezai] HistoryThe first experimental boat was built in 1906 by Italian engineer Enrico Forlanini (1848-1930) on Lake Maggiore, on the Swiss border. This boat had several fins stacked in a stepped configuration, achieving a high speed of 38 knots (about 70 km/h). Three years later, a single-stage hydrofoil prototype was successfully built in the United States, and in 1927 a water-piercing prototype was successfully built in Germany. The first practical boat was built by the Swiss company Spramar in 1952, and subsequently others were built in Italy, the Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, and other countries. The first commercial boat was launched in 1956 on the route between mainland Italy and Sicily. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched its first large-sized Kometa-M type (35 meters long, 6 meters wide, 59 tons full load displacement, speed of 32 knots, and passenger capacity of 116), which was put into service on Lake Baikal and other areas, and was also exported to Italy and Morocco. This prompted other countries to move towards larger ships, and the naval Plainview, launched in Seattle, USA in 1965, had a full load displacement of 314 tons and recorded a speed of 50 knots. The Danish Malmo Super ferry PTS150-MkIII, weighing 165 tons and carrying 250 passengers, went into service between Sweden and Denmark at a speed of 40 knots. Taking advantage of their high speed, hydrofoils are also used for military purposes, such as anti-submarine warfare and missile boats for intercepting surface ships. A representative example is the American missile hydrofoil Taurus (length 40.5 meters, width 8.6 meters, speed 48 knots, water jet propulsion, crew of 21). [Torao Shigezai] Model and structureThere are two types: fully submerged, where the entire hydrofoil is submerged underwater when sailing at high speed, and semi-submerged, where part of the wing is above the water surface. Also, based on the wing structure, there are fixed and lifting types. Fully submerged types are further divided into depth-effect and submerged types. The former are designed for shallow waters and are designed to automatically maintain a constant shallow depth below the surface, and are only effective in still water. The latter are effective in providing stability in relatively rough seas and have a device that automatically adjusts the inclination of the wings, allowing the wings to dive deep underwater. Both types are equipped with flaps on the wings to enhance their effectiveness. The semi-submerged type is also called the water-penetrating type, since some part of the blade penetrates the water surface. There are stepped or ladder blade types and V-shaped blade types. The former has several blades stacked vertically like a staircase, so that as the speed increases, only the lower blades remain in the water. The latter has V- or W-shaped blades with an open upper part, which rise up as the speed increases, reducing the wing area. It has a righting effect when the hull lists, and is the most widely used type for passenger vessels. The lifting foil can be freely switched between foil-born, which runs at high speed using the lift of the hydrofoil, and hull-born, which runs using the buoyancy of the hull when a longer cruising distance is required. For this reason, the base of the hydrofoil mounting support is hinged, so that the foil can be raised above the water surface. [Torao Shigezai] Hydrofoils in JapanThe first was the PT20 model, which Hitachi Zosen began manufacturing in 1962 (Showa 37) through a technical partnership with Swiss company Spramar, and other companies have since manufactured them, mainly for use in bays such as Ise Bay and the Seto Inland Sea. As for larger boats, the jetfoil boat developed by the American company Boeing was introduced for the first time in Japan in 1977 by Sado Kisen Company, which put it into service between Niigata and Ryotsu Port. Currently, the Ginga (277.32 gross tons, 23.44 meters long, 46.02 knots, passenger capacity 260) and two other boats are in service on the same route. [Torao Shigezai] ©Shogakukan "> Hydrofoil types Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
高速船艇の一種。船体の下部から出た数本の支柱の下端に、船底面とほぼ平行に取り付けた翼板(水中翼。ハイドロフォイルともいう)によって生ずる揚力で船体を水上に持ち上げ、船体に受ける水の抵抗を減じて高速を得ようとするもの。原理的には航空機と同じである。前進の始めにおいては、一般の船と同様に船体の浮力で水に浮いているが、速力が増すにつれて水中翼の揚力が大きくなり、船体がしだいに押し上げられて水面を滑走し、さらに速力が増すと船体は水面から離れて、水中には翼板と推進器のみを残して高速運航する。 [茂在寅男] 特色水中翼船は、(1)同馬力の一般船の約3倍の速力が得られる、(2)型によっては波浪の影響が少なく安定して高速が得られる、(3)自船がおこす波が非常に小さく周囲にかける迷惑が少ない、(4)運動性能がよく、旋回半径が小さく、発進や停止のための航走距離が短い、などの特長のために急速に普及した。その反面、(1)外洋航路には向かず、(2)波しぶきが激しく、(3)エンジン音や振動がうるさく乗り心地がよくない、などのことから普及には限界を生じた。また船体を大型にすると水中翼も大面積にせざるをえず、高速化には限界が生ずる。したがって、一般的には全重量400トンから500トン程度までとされている。 [茂在寅男] 沿革実験船としては1906年、イタリアの技術者フォルラニーニEnrico Forlanini(1848―1930)が、スイスとの国境にあるマッジョーレ湖で試作実験を行ったのが最初である。この船は数枚の翼板を階段式に重ねた方式で、38ノット(時速約70キロメートル)の高速を得た。3年後、アメリカで一段水中翼方式の試作に成功し、1927年にはドイツで水面貫通方式が成功している。実用船としては、スイスのシュプラマール社が1952年に第一船を建造し、その後イタリア、ソ連、アメリカ、日本などで建造されるようになった。商業用としては、1956年、イタリア本土とシチリア島を結ぶ航路に就航したのが最初である。1957年にはソ連で最初の大型指向のコメタ‐M型(全長35メートル、幅6メートル、満載排水量59トン、速力32ノット、船客定員116人)が進水し、バイカル湖などで就航のほか、イタリアやモロッコにも輸出された。これを契機に各国で大型化が進み、1965年にアメリカのシアトルで進水した海軍用のプレーンビューは、満載排水量314トンで50ノットの高速を記録した。デンマーク、マルモ社の連絡船超PTS150‐MkⅢは、165トン、250人の旅客を乗せ速力40ノットでスウェーデン―デンマーク間に就航した。 水中翼船は高速性を生かして、対潜水艦用や水上艦艇迎撃用ミサイル艇など軍用にも使われている。アメリカのミサイル水中翼艇トーラス号(長さ40.5メートル、幅8.6メートル、速力48ノット、ウォータージェット推進、乗員21人)などが代表的である。 [茂在寅男] 型式と構造高速航走時に水中翼の全部が水中に没している全没型と、翼の一部が水面上に出る半没型の二つがある。また翼の構造から、固定型と揚降型がある。 全没型はさらに、深度効果翼板型と潜没翼板型に分けられる。前者は浅海用で、水面下浅い一定の深度を自動的に保つようになっており、静水のみで有効である。後者は比較的波の荒い海面でも安定を得る効果があり、翼傾斜を自動的に調節する装置をもち、翼を水中深く潜没させる。両型式とも翼にフラップflap(昇降舵(だ))を備えていて、効果を高めるようになっている。 半没型は翼板のどこかで水面を貫くので、水面貫通型ともいわれる。階段式または梯子(はしご)式翼板型とV字形翼板型がある。前者は、何枚もの翼板を階段のように縦に重ねて取り付け、速度があがるにしたがって下部の翼板だけが水中に残る方式である。後者は、上部の開いたV字形かW字形の翼板をもつ方式で、速力の増大にしたがって浮かび上がり翼面積が減少する。船体傾斜時には復原作用があり、旅客用にもっとも広く普及した型である。 揚降式翼板は、高速で水中翼の揚力によって航走するフォイルボーンfoil-bornと、航続距離を要求される場合の船体浮力にのって航走するハルボーンhull-bornとの切り替えが自由にできるものである。このため、水中翼板取付け用支柱の根元が丁番(ちょうつがい)式になっており、翼板を水面上に引き上げることが可能である。 [茂在寅男] 日本での水中翼船1962年(昭和37)日立造船がスイスのシュプラマール社と技術提携して製造を開始したPT20型が最初で、以来他社でも製造、おもに伊勢(いせ)湾などの湾内や瀬戸内海などに導入された。大型では、アメリカのボーイング社が開発したジェットフォイル・ボートを1977年に佐渡汽船会社が日本で初めて導入、新潟―両津港間に就航した。現在、同航路には「ぎんが」(277.32総トン、全長23.44メートル、46.02ノット、船客定員260人)ほか2隻が就航している。 [茂在寅男] ©Shogakukan"> 水中翼船の型式 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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