Degree of kinship - Shinto (English spelling) degree

Japanese: 親等 - しんとう（英語表記）degree

The degree of closeness between relatives. It is determined by counting the number of generations between relatives. For collateral relatives, the number of generations between them is calculated by going back to a common ancestor and then counting down from that ancestor. For example, using the person or his/her spouse as the base, the direct relatives parents and children are the first degree of kinship, grandparents and grandchildren are the second degree of kinship, and collateral relatives brothers and sisters are the second degree of kinship, and uncles and aunts are the third degree of kinship. In the Civil Code, the degree of kinship is related to the scope of kinship, the scope of incestuous marriages prohibited, the scope of support obligations, and the order of inheritance, and is also related to the scope of those who are granted the right to refuse to testify under the Civil Procedure Code. In addition to the Roman method, which is adopted in many modern laws including Japanese law, there is the Canon Law method, which calculates the degree of kinship by the number of generations from a common ancestor, and in ancient law, there was also a class system of kinship that did not use the system of determining kinship by the number of generations (the system of kinship by generation) but determined by the sovereignty of the person's status.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

親族間の遠近の度合い。親族間の世代数を数えて定める。なお傍系親族については共通の始祖にさかのぼり，その始祖からまた下がってこの間の世代数を合計する。たとえば本人あるいはその配偶者を基準にして，それぞれの直系親族である親，子は1親等，祖父母，孫は2親等であり，また傍系親族である兄弟姉妹は2親等，おじ，おばは3親等である。親等は民法上，親族の範囲や近親婚の禁止される範囲，また扶養義務の範囲や相続の順位の決定などについて関係があるとともに，民事訴訟法上，証言拒絶権の認められる者の範囲の決定についても関係がある。親等の決定方式には，日本法を含む多くの近代法が採用しているローマ方式のほか，傍系親等を共同始祖からの世代数のみで計算する教会法式があり，さらに以上のような世代数による親等決定制度 (世数親等制) をとらず，地位の尊卑などによって決定する階級親等制も古法にはみられた。

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