The middle class is a new class that emerged in an advanced industrialized society. According to Marxism, social classes in capitalist society are composed of two major classes: the capitalist class (bourgeoisie) that owns the means of production, and the working class (proletariat) that is alienated from the means of production. The middle class (old middle class) is the class in between, which includes self-employed people (small and medium-sized merchants and manufacturers), self-farming professionals, and other workers who own the means of production but do not employ workers. It is believed that the middle class will eventually split into two extremes: the capitalist class and the working class. However, in reality, in advanced capitalist societies in the late 20th century, especially in the advanced industrialized societies since the 1960s, the number of white-collar workers who do not own the means of production themselves but are employed by government agencies and companies in clerical, managerial, professional, and teaching positions has increased, forming a "new middle class." There are two major changes behind this that cannot be explained by Marxist interpretation. First, in a society with highly developed industry, the boundaries between classes, occupations, and socioeconomic status are so volatile that the boundaries between classes no longer exist clearly, and the concept of social stratification is more suited to the real world. Second, the old middle class gradually shrinks in size but does not disappear, while the new middle class grows rapidly and becomes the central player in productive activities in a highly industrialized society. Today, the problem is that the expansion of a large number of middle classes (middle masses) with similar consciousness and lifestyles has led to a middle-class consciousness and a conservatism mentality permeating the entire society. In Japan, the term has been used to refer to the middle class since the 1960s, thanks to the work of economist Yasuaki Murakami in The Age of the New Middle Masses. Characterized by a combination of self-preservation and critical thinking, it is said to have had a major influence on the conservative trend in Japanese politics. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
高度産業化社会において,新たに出現してきた中間層のこと。マルクス主義によれば,資本主義社会における社会階級は生産手段を有する資本家階級(ブルジョアジー)と生産手段から疎外されている労働者階級(プロレタリアート)の二大階級からなる。そしてその中間に位置する自営業(中小商工業者),自作農,専門職など,生産手段は所有するが労働者を雇用はしない階級を中間階級(旧中間層)とし,最終的には資本家階級と労働者階級に両極分解していくものととらえた。しかし,現実には 20世紀後半の先進資本主義社会,特に 1960年代以降の高度産業化社会においては,みずからは生産手段を所有せず,官庁や企業などに雇われて事務職,管理職,専門職,教職などに従事するホワイトカラーが増大し,「新中間層」を形成していった。その背景としてはマルクス主義的解釈では説明できない大きな変化が 2点みられる。まず第1に,産業が高度に発達した社会においては階級,職業間の移動,社会経済的地位の変動が激しくなり,もはや階級の境界線がはっきり存在しなくなり,社会階層という概念のほうが現実社会に適合するようになった。第2に,旧中間階級は徐々にその規模が小さくなっていくものの消滅はせずに,また新中間層は逆に急激に増大し高度産業化社会における生産活動の中心的存在となったことである。今日では同質の意識と生活様式をもった多数の中間層(中間大衆)の拡大により,中流意識と生活保守主義の心性が社会全体に浸透するようになったことが問題とされている。日本でも経済学者村上泰亮の『新中間大衆の時代』によって,1960年代以降の中間階層部分をさす用語として用いられるようになった。保身性と批判性をあわせもつのが特徴で,日本政治の保守化傾向に大きな影響力を及ぼしたといわれる。
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
>>: Kidney worm - Dioctophyme renale
The peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War was si...
…Fumiaki's narration includes "Forty-eig...
…On the other hand, the natural desire to leave a...
It mainly refers to the ability of humans and ani...
A Chinese literati from the Eastern Jin Dynasty. ...
...The prefectural capital city, located in the n...
…The Teen-Taal divides the 16 Matras into four gr...
A flat fired clay product used as a finishing mat...
…At this point, electromagnetic waves are emitted...
1891-1950 An occupational hygienist from the Tais...
…[Tadaaki Imaizumi]. … *Some of the terminology t...
...A general term for mammals in the family Phyll...
A general term for crustaceans of the Atergatis ge...
A general term for statistics that grasp the stat...
…This agreement was signed on March 8, 1954, betw...