The Israelites or Jews of Palestine in the first millennium BC wrote their language, Hebrew or Aramaic, in the so-called Phoenician alphabet (strictly speaking, the Northwest Semitic alphabet), which was the common writing system in the eastern Mediterranean world at that time. The current so-called Hebrew alphabet gradually evolved from the Phoenician alphabet (= Old Aramaic alphabet) during the Jewish Aramaic stage, and the current standard writing style, "square writing," is believed to have been established among Jewish scholars at the end of the 1st century AD. There are 22 letters, each representing a consonant, although the four letters, , hwy, can also represent vowels. There is no distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters, and they are written in separate words, but except in modern cursive writing, letters are not written next to each other like Arabic letters. Each letter also has a numerical value. The so-called Masoretic (traditional) symbols used to indicate vowels, accents, etc. in the Hebrew Bible text from the Middle Ages onwards were created by scholars of Jewish tradition, and the "Tiberian system" vowel symbols, perfected in the 10th century, can also be applied to modern Hebrew writing as needed. [Isaku Matsuda] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
紀元前一千年紀パレスチナのイスラエル人ないしユダヤ教徒は、自分たちの言語たるヘブライ語ないしアラム語を、当時の東地中海世界共通の文字体系であったいわゆるフェニキア文字(厳密には北西セム文字)を用いて表記した。現在のいわゆるヘブライ文字は、このユダヤ人アラム語の段階でフェニキア文字(=古アラム文字)から漸次変化したもので、現在の標準書体たる「方形文字」は、紀元後1世紀末にユダヤ教学者の間で確立されたと推定される。字母の数は22個で、1字が1子音を表すが、,hwyの四字は母音を表す場合もある。大文字と小文字の区別はなく、単語ごとに分かち書きされるが、現代の筆記体以外では、アラビア文字のように字と字を続けて書くことはない。各字母はまた数字としての値ももっている。中世以降のヘブライ語聖書本文につけられて母音・アクセントなどを表すいわゆるマソラ(=伝承)符号は、ユダヤ教伝承学者の手になるもので、10世紀に完成した「ティベリア式」母音符号は、必要に応じて現代ヘブライ語の表記にも適用される。 [松田伊作] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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