Declaration of Human Rights (English: Declaration of Human Rights) French

Japanese: 人権宣言 - じんけんせんげん(英語表記)Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen フランス語
Declaration of Human Rights (English: Declaration of Human Rights) French

This declaration was adopted by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789, at the beginning of the French Revolution, and became the preamble to the "Constitution of 1791." Its official name is the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen." Its underlying ideology is natural law and the idea of ​​natural rights that stems from it, and it was influenced by the 18th century Enlightenment, and was directly modeled on the United States Declaration of Independence and its states' Bills of Rights. "Citizen" refers to a citizen who constitutes a political and ethical community. The declaration, which was established after going through many drafts, consists of a preamble that states the purpose of its issuance, and 17 main articles. The main points of each article are as follows:

Article 1 states that all human beings are born and live free and equal in rights, Article 2 states the preservation of natural rights such as liberty, security, property, and the right to resist oppression, Article 3 states sovereignty of the people, Article 4 states the meaning of freedom, Articles 5 to 9 state the meaning of law, the creation of law, equality before the law, and obedience to the law, Article 10 states religious tolerance, Article 11 states freedom of thought and speech, Article 12 states the necessity of public authority to guarantee various rights, Article 13 states the indispensability and equality of taxation, Article 14 states rights and obligations regarding taxation, Article 15 states the right to request administrative reports from public officials, Article 16 states separation of powers, and Article 17 states the sanctity and inviolability of property rights.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen has been described as "the death certificate of the Ancien Régime (old regime)," and is an enduring document that sets out the principles of modern civil society and has had a great influence on future generations.

[Shotaro Yamagami]

[References] | French Revolution

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス革命初期、1789年8月26日、国民議会で採択され、「1791年憲法」の前文となった宣言。正式には「人間および市民の権利宣言」。根本の思想は自然法とそれに発する自然権思想で、18世紀啓蒙(けいもう)思想の影響を受け、また直接にはアメリカ合衆国の独立宣言や、その諸州の権利章典などを範としている。「市民」とは、政治的・倫理的共同体を構成する公民的存在を意味する。多くの草案を経て成立した宣言は、これを発する主旨を述べた前文と、本文17条とからなる。各条文の要点は次のとおりである。

 第1条では人間は自由で権利において平等に生まれ、かつ生きること、第2条では自由、安全や所有権、圧制に対する反抗権のごとき自然権の保全、第3条では主権在民、第4条では自由の意味、第5条から9条までにおいては法の意義、法の作成、法の前の平等、法の遵守など、第10条では宗教上の寛容、第11条では思想および言論の自由、第12条では諸権利を保障するための公権力の必要、第13条では租税の不可欠とその平等、第14条では租税に関しての権利と義務、第15条では公務員に対し行政上の報告を求める権利、第16条では権力の分立、第17条では所有権の神聖かつ不可侵であることなどが述べられている。

 人権宣言は「アンシャン・レジーム(旧制度)の死亡証書」と評されるように、近代市民社会の原理を示す不朽の文献であり、後世への影響は少なくない。

[山上正太郎]

[参照項目] | フランス革命

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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