Quinone (English spelling)

Japanese: キノン - きのん(英語表記)quinone
Quinone (English spelling)

A type of carbonyl compound in which two hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring of an aromatic hydrocarbon are replaced with oxygen atoms. It was previously called hinon, based on the German name Chinon.

Representative quinones include p (para)-benzoquinone and o (ortho)-benzoquinone, and compounds formed by condensing various aromatic rings or heterocyclic rings to these basic skeletons are generally called quinones. m (meta)-benzoquinone does not exist.


Compounds in which the two oxygen atoms occupy positions 1 and 4 on opposite sides of the six-membered ring (called para positions), such as the aforementioned p -benzoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone, are called p -quinones, while compounds in which the two oxygen atoms occupy adjacent positions 1 and 2 (called ortho positions), such as o -benzoquinone and phenanthrenequinone, are called o -quinones.

Quinone derivatives are widely distributed in nature as pigments in animals and plants, and alizarin, which is extracted from the roots of madder and has been used as a dye since ancient times, is also an anthraquinone derivative. Vitamin K group ( K1 to K3 ), which has physiological effects such as promoting blood clotting, also has a quinone skeleton in its molecule.

[Masahiro Hirota]

Manufacturing method

They are obtained by oxidation of the corresponding p- and o -dihydroxyaromatic compounds (hydroquinones), aminophenols, and aromatic diamines. The oxidation of dihydroxyaromatic compounds to produce quinones is a reversible reaction, and the quinones can be reduced back to the original dihydroxy compounds (hydroquinones).


Anthraquinone is obtained by oxidation of anthracene.

[Masahiro Hirota]

nature

Compounds that have a quinone structure in the molecule generally have color; p -quinones are yellow, and o -quinones are often orange or red. The six-membered ring of the quinone skeleton, unlike the benzene ring, is poorly aromatic and does not undergo typical aromatic substitution reactions. The carbonyl group of a quinone reacts with hydroxylamine to produce an oxime, just like the carbonyl groups of ketones and aldehydes.

[Masahiro Hirota]

Applications

Compounds with a quinone skeleton have a wide range of uses as dyes, taking advantage of their deep color. Anthraquinones in particular are often used as purple and blue dyes, such as Acid Blue 25, Reactive Blue 4, and Threon Blue RSN. Biologically important quinone derivatives, such as vitamin K and ubiquinone, are also known.

[Masahiro Hirota]

"Experimental Chemistry Lectures 21: Organic Synthesis 3: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Quinones," 4th Edition (1999, Maruzen), edited by the Chemical Society of Japan ; "Experimental Chemistry Lectures 15: Synthesis of Organic Compounds 3: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Quinones," 5th Edition (2003, Maruzen), edited by the Chemical Society of Japan ; "Saul Patai: The Chemistry of the quinoid compounds, Part 1, Part 2 (1974, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)"

[Reference] | Carbonyl compounds | Benzene ring | Benzoquinone

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カルボニル化合物の一種で、芳香族炭化水素のベンゼン環に結合している水素原子2個をそれぞれ酸素原子で置換した化合物をいう。ドイツ語名Chinonに基づいて以前はヒノンとよんだこともある。

 代表的なキノンとしてp(パラ)-ベンゾキノンとo(オルト)-ベンゾキノンがあり、これらの基本骨格に種々の芳香環や複素環が縮合してできる化合物を一般にキノンと総称する。m(メタ)-ベンゾキノンは存在しない。


 前記のp-ベンゾキノン、1,4-ナフトキノンのように二つの酸素原子が6員環の反対側の1と4の位置(パラの位置という)を占めているものをp-キノンといい、o-ベンゾキノン、フェナントレンキノンのように二つの酸素原子が隣り合わせの1と2の位置(オルトの位置という)を占めているものをo-キノンという。

 キノン誘導体は動植物の色素として天然にかなり広く分布しており、アカネの根から得られ古代から染料に使われていたアリザリンもアントラキノン誘導体である。また、血液の凝固促進などの生理作用をもつビタミンK群(K1~K3)なども分子中にキノンの骨格をもっている。

[廣田 穰]

製法

相当するp-およびo-ジヒドロキシ芳香族化合物(ヒドロキノン)、アミノフェノール、芳香族ジアミンを酸化すると得られる。ジヒドロキシ芳香族化合物の酸化によりキノンを生成する反応は可逆反応であり、還元によりキノンは元のジヒドロキシ化合物(ヒドロキノン)に戻る。


 アントラキノンはアントラセンの酸化により得られる。

[廣田 穰]

性質

分子内にキノンの構造をもつ化合物は一般に色をもち、p-キノンは黄色、o-キノンは橙(だいだい)色ないしは赤色を呈するものが多い。キノンの骨格の6員環は、ベンゼン環とは異なり芳香族性は乏しく、普通の芳香族置換反応は行わない。キノンのカルボニル基はケトンやアルデヒドのカルボニル基のようにヒドロキシルアミンと反応してオキシムを生成する。

[廣田 穰]

用途

キノン骨格をもつ化合物が濃い色をもっていることを利用して、染料としての用途が広い。とくにアントラキノン類は、アシッドブルー25、リアクティブブルー4、スレンブルーRSNなど紫、青色系の染料としての用途が多い。また、ビタミンKやユビキノンなど生物学的に重要なキノン誘導体も知られている。

[廣田 穰]

『日本化学会編『実験化学講座21 有機合成3 アルデヒド・ケトン・キノン』第4版(1999・丸善)』『日本化学会編『実験化学講座15 有機化合物の合成3 アルデヒド・ケトン・キノン』第5版(2003・丸善)』『Saul PataiThe Chemistry of the quinoid compoundsPart1, Part2(1974, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)』

[参照項目] | カルボニル化合物 | ベンゼン環 | ベンゾキノン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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