Vacuum drying - Shinkuukansou (English spelling) Vacuum drying

Japanese: 真空乾燥 - しんくうかんそう(英語表記)vacuum drying
Vacuum drying - Shinkuukansou (English spelling) Vacuum drying

This refers to drying materials that are heat sensitive and cannot be handled at high temperatures under low vacuum (reduced pressure), and has been used relatively widely for some time. The operating pressure is usually 200 to 300 hectopascals below atmospheric pressure.

[Yuji Kawamura]

principle

If a dish filled with water is placed in an airtight container that can be evacuated, and the atmosphere inside the container is evacuated to reduce the pressure, the water will gradually evaporate and diffuse. If there is no or insufficient heat supply, there will be a shortage of latent heat of evaporation, and the temperature of the water and container will drop to compensate. Vacuum drying, which is commonly used, generally makes use of this phenomenon, and can dry materials at relatively low temperatures while they still contain a lot of moisture.

Although this is a drying operation in a vacuum, residual air and evaporated water vapor generally coexist within the vessel, and the ratio of these varies depending on the operating conditions. This means that the evaporation temperature is determined regardless of the operating pressure. In contrast, when the amount of air in the vessel is sufficiently small that it can be considered a one-component system consisting of water vapor, the evaporation of water follows the equilibrium relationship shown in the figure . The operation occurs on the vapor-liquid equilibrium line, and the evaporation temperature is uniquely determined once the operating pressure is determined.

[Yuji Kawamura]

Vacuum freeze drying

At pressures below the triple point, phase changes occur on the solid-gas equilibrium line, and water is directly vaporized and removed from the solid phase (ice) by sublimation. This type of dehydration and drying method by sublimation is called vacuum freeze drying. With this method, the raw material (liquid, muddy, or solid material) is processed in a frozen state, so phenomena such as boiling and surface hardening do not occur during dehydration, and there are very few physical and chemical changes in the shape and structure of the material. In addition, since it is handled at low temperatures in a sealed device, there is little contamination by microorganisms, which is an advantage. Vacuum freeze drying is widely used industrially for products such as medicines, microbial products, and foods, and in everyday topics it is attracting attention as a method for producing high-quality preserved and instant foods.

[Yuji Kawamura]

[Reference item] | Freeze drying
Evaporation of water (Diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Evaporation of water (Diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

熱に敏感で高い温度で取り扱うことができない材料を真空(減圧)低温下で乾燥することをいい、従来から比較的広く用いられてきた。操作圧力は大気圧以下200~300ヘクトパスカルまでのことが多い。

[河村祐治]

原理

排気できる密閉容器中に水を入れた皿を置き、容器内の大気を排気減圧してゆくと、水はしだいに蒸発拡散しやすくなる。熱の供給がないか不十分である場合には、蒸発潜熱が不足し、これを補うために水や容器の温度は低下してゆく。一般に行われている真空乾燥は総体的にこの現象を利用しており、原料中の水分が多い間、比較的低温でこれを乾燥させることができる。

 真空中における乾燥操作ではあるが、容器内には一般には残留空気と蒸発水蒸気が共存しており、その割合は操作条件によって変化する。これは操作圧力とは無関係に蒸発温度が定まることを意味する。これに対して、容器内の空気が十分少なくなり水蒸気一成分系とみなせる場合には、水の蒸発はに示す平衡関係に従うこととなる。操作は気液平衡線上でおこり、操作圧力が決まれば蒸発温度は一義的に定まる。

[河村祐治]

真空凍結乾燥

三重点以下の圧力では相変化は固気平衡線上で生じ、水分は固相(氷)から昇華によって直接気化除去される。このような昇華による脱水乾燥法を真空凍結乾燥vacuum freeze dryingとよんでいる。この方法によれば、原料(液、泥状あるいは固体材料)は凍結状態下で操作されるため、脱水に伴って煮つまりや表面硬化などの現象がおこらず、材料の形状や組織などの物理的化学的変化がきわめて少ない。また密閉装置内で低温下で取り扱われるため、微生物などによる汚染も少なく有利である。真空凍結乾燥は医薬品、微生物製品、食品などの製品について工業的に広く利用されており、日常的な話題としては質の高い保存・即席食品の製造法として着目されている。

[河村祐治]

[参照項目] | 凍結乾燥
水の蒸発〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

水の蒸発〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Vacuum gauge

>>:  Vacuum tube

Recommend

Nuremberg Trials - Nuremberg Trials

The International Military Tribunal, established o...

Aman - Aman

…Nomadic tribes, especially Arab nomads who had b...

Economic History

Economic history is an academic field that extract...

Exanthem subitum (Roseola infantum)

What kind of infection is it? This is an acute vi...

Oryx leucoryx (English spelling) Oryxleucoryx

…[Yoshinori Imaizumi]. … From [Antelope] ...The b...

Rewrite Kyogen

A technique in the creation of Kabuki scripts. It...

Basal layer -

→ Bottom layer Source: Asakura Publishing Dictiona...

Karakusagarashi - Karakusagarashi

...The cute white flowers that bloom in early sum...

Cost of capital

The value sacrifice a company incurs for capital ...

Don Quijote

The Spanish author Cervantes published the first p...

artificial petroleum

…It is also called artificial petroleum or synthe...

macular degeneration

…Currently, the most effective treatment is photo...

Bat Umbrella (Bat Umbrella) - Bat Umbrella

An umbrella with metal ribs covered in cloth. It w...

Aoyama Tanemichi

A medical scientist during the Meiji and Taisho p...

Boldini, G. (English spelling) BoldiniG

…[Midori Igarashi] The Ferrara National Museum oc...