Advanced conversion reactor - Shingata Tenkanro

Japanese: 新型転換炉 - しんがたてんかんろ
Advanced conversion reactor - Shingata Tenkanro

A type of nuclear reactor. Among thermal neutron reactors for power generation, this refers to a reactor with a high conversion rate and good neutron utilization efficiency. While fissile material is consumed in a nuclear reactor, fertile material absorbs neutrons and is converted into fissile material. This ratio is called the conversion ratio, which is 0.6 in light water reactors and greater than 1 in breeder reactors. Advanced thermal reactors have a value between light water reactors and breeder reactors.

The new conversion reactor developed by the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (DNR) was a boiling light water cooled heavy water reactor named "Fugen" and operated from 1979 (Showa 54) to 2003 (Heisei 15). (DNR was dissolved in September 1998, and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Development Institute took over the business in October of the same year. Since October 2005, it has been managed by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, which was established by merging the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Development Institute and the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute.) This is a prototype reactor with an electric output of 165,000 kilowatts. This reactor has a core structure that is significantly different from that of a light water reactor. 224 pressure tubes are arranged vertically with a lattice spacing of 24 centimeters inside a heavy water tank used as a moderator, and a fuel assembly consisting of 28 fuel rods is housed inside them. The cladding tubes of the fuel rods are made of zircaloy, the same as in light water reactors.

The fuel used is slightly enriched uranium or plutonium-enriched natural uranium (reprocessed uranium and depleted uranium are also used). The coolant temperature is lower than that of a light water reactor, at 277°C at the reactor inlet and 284°C at the reactor outlet. The pressure is about 68 atmospheres. Fugen's features are its high conversion ratio and the ability to use plutonium-239 as fuel. Even if plutonium is extracted by reprocessing spent fuel from a light water reactor, there is currently no way to use it. One way to use it is to recycle it into a light water reactor, and another is to actively burn it in a new conversion reactor like Fugen. The new conversion reactor has been positioned as a reactor that serves as a bridge between light water reactors and fast breeder reactors, but development was halted at the prototype stage because it was not possible to improve its economic viability.

[Jun Sakurai]

[References] | Nuclear fuel cycle | Nuclear Fuel Cycle Development Institute | Light water reactor | Nuclear reactor | Fast breeder reactor | Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Structure of the Advanced Thermal Reactor (ATR)
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of the Advanced Thermal Reactor (ATR)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原子炉の炉型の一つ。発電用の熱中性子炉のなかで、転換率の高い、中性子の利用効率のよい原子炉をいう。原子炉の中で核分裂性物質が消費される一方、親物質が中性子を吸収して核分裂性物質に転換される。この割合を転換比というが、軽水炉の場合には0.6、増殖炉の場合には1よりも大きい。新型転換炉では、軽水炉と増殖炉の中間の値を示す。

 動力炉・核燃料開発事業団(動燃)が開発した新型転換炉は、沸騰軽水冷却型重水炉で、「ふげん」と名づけられ、1979年(昭和54)から2003年(平成15)まで運転した(動燃は1998年9月に解団し、同年10月核燃料サイクル開発機構が事業を継承。2005年10月より核燃料サイクル開発機構と日本原子力研究所が統合して発足した日本原子力研究開発機構が管理)。これは電気出力16.5万キロワットの原型炉である。この原子炉は軽水炉の炉心構造と大きく異なり、減速材の重水タンクの中に224本の圧力管が24センチメートルの格子間隔で垂直に配置され、その中に28本の燃料棒で構成された燃料集合体が収められた。燃料棒の被覆管は、軽水炉と同じくジルカロイであった。

 燃料は、微濃縮ウラン、あるいはプルトニウム富化天然ウランが用いられる(再処理回収ウランや劣化ウランも利用される)。冷却材の温度は軽水炉の場合よりも低く、炉入口温度277℃、炉出口温度284℃である。圧力は約68気圧である。「ふげん」の特徴は、転換比が高く、また燃料としてプルトニウム239が使えることにあった。軽水炉の使用済み燃料を再処理してプルトニウムを抽出しても、いまのところ利用法がない。一つの利用法は軽水炉にリサイクルすること、他は「ふげん」のような新型転換炉で積極的に燃やすことである。新型転換炉は、軽水炉と高速増殖炉のつなぎの役目を果たす原子炉と位置づけられてきたが、経済性をあげることができなかったため、原型炉までで開発を中止した。

[桜井 淳]

[参照項目] | 核燃料サイクル | 核燃料サイクル開発機構 | 軽水炉 | 原子炉 | 高速増殖炉 | 日本原子力研究開発機構
新型転換炉(ATR)の構造
©Shogakukan">

新型転換炉(ATR)の構造


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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