A small independent country located on the southeastern slope of the Pyrenees Mountains, which forms the border between France and Spain. In Japan, its official name is the Principality of Andorra. In French, it is called Andorre. The official names of the countries are Valls d'Andorra (Spanish) and Les Vallées d'Andorre (French), and the official name with the government system is Co-Principat d'Andorra (Spanish, meaning Co-Principat d'Andorra). Area is 468 square kilometers, population 82,000 (2006 United Nations estimate). Capital is Andorra la Vella. It spreads mainly in the upper reaches of the Barira River, a tributary of the Segre River, a tributary of the Ebro River, which flows southeast in the south of the Pyrenees. Flat land is only found along narrow valleys and at the bottom of high glacial valleys, and it is surrounded by mountains of 2,000 to 3,000 meters, with the highest point being Coma Pedroza (2,946 meters) in the west. The only well-maintained motorway to France passes over the Embalira Pass (2,407 meters) on the border. Soldeu, a village in Andorra about 7.5 kilometers west of the pass, is the highest village in the Iberian Peninsula (1,825 meters). The climate is cold and harsh, with an average temperature of -13°C in January, snow from April to May above 1,600 meters, and the pass is closed by snow for more than half the year. Since the 9th century, the French Count of Foix, heir to the Count of Ursels, and the Spanish Bishop of Ursels, to whom the Count of Ursels donated the six dioceses of Andorra, have been fighting over the ownership of Andorra, and in 1278, they were determined to be co-monarchs. The ownership of the Count of Foix has been passed down to the King of France and the President of France, while the Bishop of Ursels is under the control of the Pope and is not an international entity, so France has been acting as a protectorate and handling diplomacy on his behalf since the 19th century. However, in 1993, a new constitution was enacted, and Andorra became independent, leaving the symbolic rights of diplomacy and security to the two heads of state (approval is only required for matters that concern the interests of the two heads of state in diplomacy). The National Assembly has a four-year term, with 28 members elected, four from each of the seven parishes, and the Prime Minister is nominated by the National Assembly. In 1993, Andorra joined the United Nations, and in 1996, it also joined the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Japan recognized France in 1993, established diplomatic relations in 1995, and Prime Minister Fornet visited Japan in January 2005. However, the judiciary still depends on the two heads of state. In the case of civil cases, the judges for the first instance are appointed by either of the two heads of state at the plaintiff's choice, the appeal court is decided by judges appointed alternately by the two heads of state every five years, and the final instance is decided by France's Perpignan High Court or the Supreme Court of the Bishop of Urzelles. In addition, judicial cases are supervised by a tribunal composed of appeal judges, two rapporteurs appointed by Parliament, the Prosecutor General, and a representative appointed alternately by the two heads of state every five years. Two-thirds of the population are foreigners, particularly Spanish Catalans, the national language is Catalan, and the official religion is Catholicism. The main industries are livestock farming (sheep, cattle, horses, etc.) and agriculture (fruit, wheat, etc.), with transhumance taking place in the summer when cattle leave their winter homes in the valleys and move to higher altitudes. However, arable land accounts for only about 2% of the country's land area, and food is imported. The national economy is supported by advertising revenues from radio broadcasts that broadcast from the Pyrenees to the surrounding area, postage stamps (issued in two denominations, the franc and the peseta, until the euro was introduced as the currency in January 2002), tourism revenues from the 12 million people who visit each year to escape the summer heat, ski or climb, and shoppers looking for duty-free goods. [Yutaka Tanabe and Yumiko Takizawa] "World Geography 9: France" edited by Yutaka Tanabe (1999, Asakura Publishing) [References] | [Additional Materials] |"> Andorra flag ©Shogakukan Illustration/Shogakukan Creative "> Andorra location map A valley that spreads out near the border with Spain in the south. World Heritage Site "Madeliu Perafita Clarol Valley" (Andorra, registered in 2004 and 2006) Andorra ©Shogakukan "> Madeliu Perafita Clarol Valley Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスとスペインの国境をなすピレネー山脈の東部南斜面に位置する小独立国。日本ではアンドラ公国が正称。フランス語ではアンドールAndorreという。各国の正称はValls d'Andorra(スペイン語)、Les Vallées d'Andorre(フランス語)、政体を付した正称はCo-Principat d'Andorra(スペイン語、アンドラ共治公国の意)。面積468平方キロメートル、人口8万2000(2006国連推計)。首都アンドラ・ラ・ベッリャ。 ピレネー山脈の南を南東流するエブロ川の支流セグレ川の、さらに支流であるバリラ川の上流域を中心に広がる。平坦(へいたん)地は、狭い谷沿い、および高所の氷河谷である圏谷(カール)底にわずかにあるのみで、周りを2000~3000メートルの山々に囲まれており、最高地点は西部のコマ・ペドローザ山(2946メートル)である。フランスに抜ける唯一の整備された自動車道が国境のエンバリラ峠(2407メートル)を越えて通じている。この峠より7.5キロメートルほど西のアンドラ国内にある村ソルデューSoldeuは、イベリア半島で最高所(1825メートル)に位置する村である。気候は寒冷で厳しく、1月の平均気温は零下13℃、1600メートル以上は4~5月まで雪があり、峠も半年以上は雪で閉ざされる。 9世紀以来、領主ウルゼル伯の相続人であるフランスのフォア伯と、ウルゼル伯からアンドラ6教区を寄進されたスペインのウルゼル司教とが、アンドラの領有に関して争い、1278年に共同君主となることに定められた。フォア伯の領有権はフランス王、フランス大統領と受け継がれ、他方、ウルゼル司教はローマ教皇の支配下にあり、国際上の存在ではないため、19世紀以来フランスが保護領として外交を代行してきた。しかし、1993年に新憲法が施行され、両元首に外交と治安の象徴的権利を残して独立した(外交上両元首の利害にかかわることのみ承認が必要である)。国会は4年の任期で、7教区(パリッシュ)から各4名、合計28名が選出され、首相は国会が指名する。1993年には国連に加盟し、さらに1996年には欧州安保協力機構(OSCE)にも加盟した。日本は1993年に承認、1995年に外交関係を樹立、2005年1月にはフォルネ首相が来日している。しかし司法はなお両元首に依存する。民事裁判の場合には、一次の裁判は原告の選択による両元首のいずれかが判事を任命し、上訴審は5年ごとに両元首が交互に任命する判事によって行われ、最終審はフランスのペルピニャン高裁またはウルゼル司教の最高裁で行われる。また司法裁判の場合には、控訴審判事、議会の任命する2名の報告者、検事総長、両元首が5年ごとに交互に任命する代表から構成される法廷が監理する。 住民の3分の2は外国人、とくにスペイン国籍のカタルーニャ人で、国語はカタルーニャ語、公式宗教はカトリックである。主産業は牧畜(ヒツジ、ウシ、ウマなど)と農業(果物、小麦など)で夏には谷底の冬の家を出て高所に移動する移牧が行われる。しかし耕地は国土の約2%にすぎず、食料は輸入に依存している。国家経済を支えているのはピレネーから周囲に電波を送るラジオ放送の広告収入、切手収入(2002年1月、通貨にユーロが導入されるまでフランとペセタの2種類で発行されていた)、年間1200万人に達する避暑やスキーや登山に訪れる人々と無関税商品を求める買い物客の観光収入である。 [田辺 裕・滝沢由美子] 『田辺裕監修『世界の地理9 フランス』(1999・朝倉書店)』 [参照項目] | [補完資料] |"> アンドラの国旗 ©Shogakukan 作図/小学館クリエイティブ"> アンドラ位置図 南部のスペインとの国境付近に広がる渓谷。世界文化遺産「マデリウ・ペラフィタ・クラーロル渓谷」(アンドラ・2004、2006年登録) アンドラ©Shogakukan"> マデリウ・ペラフィタ・クラーロル渓谷 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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