Elementary functions

Japanese: 初等関数 - しょとうかんすう
Elementary functions

Functions that are considered to be fundamental in calculus. Most of the functions we use regularly fall into this category. Elementary functions are algebraic functions, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, and functions obtained by repeating the operation of creating composite functions from these functions several times. An algebraic function is the equation P 0 ( x ) yn + P 1 ( x ) yn -1 + …… + P n -1 ( x ) yP n ( x )=0, where 0 is set to a polynomial in two variables, x and y .
This refers to the function y = f ( x ) obtained by solving for y, and includes rational polynomials given by polynomials in x , rational functions obtained by adding fractional functions to these, and irrational functions obtained by adding radicals to these. Elementary functions that are not algebraic functions are called elementary transcendental functions.

The derivative of an elementary function is always an elementary function, but the indefinite integral of an elementary function is generally not an elementary function. For example , the indefinite integrals of 1/log x and sin( x2 ) are not elementary functions. Furthermore, solutions to differential equations are generally not elementary functions. Examples of functions that are not elementary functions include elliptic functions, gamma functions, Bessel functions, error functions, and many other commonly used functions.

[Osamu Takenouchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

微分積分学で基本的であると考えられる関数のこと。われわれの通常用いる関数はたいていこの範囲に入る。代数関数、指数関数、対数関数、三角関数、逆三角関数、あるいはこれらから合成関数をつくる操作を何回か繰り返して得られる関数を初等関数という。代数関数は、xy2変数の多項式を0と置いた方程式
  P0(x)ynP1(x)yn-1+……+Pn-1(x)yPn(x)=0
をyについて解いて得られる関数yf(x)のことであり、このなかには、xの多項式で与えられる有理整関数、これに分数関数を加えた有理関数、これらに根号をつけた無理関数などが含まれる。代数関数でない初等関数を初等超越関数という。

 初等関数の導関数はつねに初等関数であるが、初等関数の不定積分は、一般に初等関数にはならない。たとえば、1/logx, sin(x2)などの不定積分は初等関数にはならない。さらに微分方程式の解なども一般に初等関数にならない。初等関数でないような関数の例としては、楕円(だえん)関数、ガンマ関数、ベッセル関数、誤差関数など、よく用いられるものでも多様のものがある。

[竹之内脩]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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