Retailing of books, magazines, and other publications. Also called book stores or bookstores. Compared to the long history of publishing, bookstores specialized in retailing did not emerge until the end of the Edo period. Publishers (book stores and bookstores) that were born in the early Edo period were involved in production, wholesale, and retail, but from the end of the Edo period through to the Meiji period, sales became independent and separated, and new wholesalers and retailers were born. The role of bookstores became more important from the mid-Meiji period onwards. Their number increased rapidly with the establishment of a consignment sales system that allowed free returns of unsold items, and a fixed-price sales system. [Kobayashi Kazuhiro] Current state of bookstoresIn 1985, there were more than 20,000 bookstores nationwide, of which about 13,000 were members of the Japan Booksellers Association (Nisshoren). However, with the collapse of the Japanese economic bubble, small and medium-sized bookstores began to close or go out of business. It is estimated that the total number of bookstores that closed or went out of business in the 11 years from 1989 to 2000 was about 10,000 (as of April 2000, there were 9,406 Nisshoren-affiliated bookstores). Meanwhile, during this period, the relaxation of the Large-Scale Retail Store Law, market share competition among distributors, and lower store opening costs led to the opening of a large-scale store boom, with many stores with large sales floors opening one after another. Until the 1950s, bookstores nationwide accounted for more than 90% of publication sales, but this share is declining due to the emergence of new sales routes such as the gas station route, the co-op route, door-to-door sales, convenience stores, and home delivery companies, as well as online ordering and sales. The basis of transactions in bookstores is a fixed price sales system based on consignment and resale price maintenance contracts (resale system). There are some outright purchases, but the ratio is low, and it is customary for outright purchases to be returned, with some exceptions. Books are distributed by publishers through distributors, and the gross profit margin is usually 18-25% of the list price. There is almost no price competition or procurement risk, but there are few economies of scale even with large-scale sales. On the other hand, management is stable, making it easy for new entrants. With the increase in suburban and large-scale bookstores since the late 1970s, the total sales floor area of bookstores has continued to increase, despite the continued closure and closure of small and medium-sized bookstores. According to statistics from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (now the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry), the total sales floor area of bookstores nationwide expanded from approximately 240,000 tsubo (798,423 square meters) in 1972 (Showa 47) to approximately 950,000 tsubo (3,151,692 square meters) in 1997 (Heisei 9). In the fall of 2000, super-large stores with sales floors of approximately 9,500 m2 were established. However, it is said that they are still not enough to keep up with the increase in the number of publications and the volume of publications. Moreover, bookstores are increasingly offering new types of complex stores that sell related products such as videos (for rental and sale), CDs, games, and stationery in addition to books and magazines. [Kobayashi Kazuhiro] Internet bookstoreFurthermore, with the advent of the Internet age, bookstores are about to undergo even greater transformation. Delays in fulfilling orders, which had been a problem since around 1975 but had not been improved, and which had been the subject of much customer dissatisfaction, are now on the verge of being resolved by the development of the Internet. These bookstores, which accept orders and sell their products over the Internet, are also called online bookstores, Internet bookstores, virtual bookstores, cyber bookstores, etc., and all of these were stimulated by the rapid growth of Amazon.com, the largest online retailer in the United States, which opened in 1995. First, Maruzen and Kinokuniya Bookstores, major importers and retailers of foreign books, opened online bookstores. They were followed by Yaesu Book Center, Sanseido, Bunkyodo, Junkudo, Asahi Bookstore, and others. Book Service, a joint venture between Yamato Transport (Kuroneko Yamato), a delivery company that had been growing as a non-store bookstore since 1986, and Kurita Publishing Co., Ltd., an agency, also opened an online bookstore in 1996. Distributors have also established e-hon (Tohan), HonyaTown (Nippan), Hontonyasan (Osakaya), either individually or in joint ventures with several other companies. In addition, many other online bookstores have been established, including "E-Shopping Books," funded by Tohan, Softbank, Seven-Eleven Japan, and Yahoo!, "Book One," by Toshokan Ryutsu Center, Nikkei BP, Askul, Fujitsu, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, and Dentsu, and "J-Book," by Bunkyodo, Oricon, Kadokawa Shoten, Kodansha, Microsoft, Tohan, and others. In June 2000, "BOL Japan," a joint venture between BOL, a subsidiary of the major German media company Bertelsmann, and Nippan and others, began operations, and in November of the same year, Amazon.com entered the Japanese market in partnership with Osakaya. As of 2000, most of these bookstores, with a few exceptions, are still in the investment and service expansion stage, and it has been pointed out that it will take time for them to become profitable, but it is expected that online bookstores will continue to expand in the future. The store automation (SA) initiative advocated by the Japan Booksellers Association began in 1983, and online systems were also launched by distributors in 1984. However, as of 2000, this had not yet covered all bookstores nationwide. [Kobayashi Kazuhiro] "Bookstores" by Shimizu Hideo, Kanehira Seinosuke, and Kobayashi Kazuhiro (Kyouikusha Shinsho)" ▽ "Bookstore Management for Book Lovers" by Nose Jin (1985, Chukei Publishing)" ▽ "A New Era for the Bookstore Industry" by Murakami Nobuaki (1994, Shinbunka Tsushinsha)" ▽ "Reading the Bookstore Industry Today - The Current State of Publishing Distribution and Perspectives on Revitalizing the Industry" by Nose Jin (1994, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha)" ▽ "Bookstore Map of the Japanese Archipelago - Traveling through the Battlegrounds" edited by the editorial department of Shinbunka (1998, Yuyusha Publishing)" ▽ "Kikuchi's Bookstore" by Nagae Akira (1999, Almedia) [Reference items] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
書籍、雑誌など出版物の小売業。本屋、書肆(しょし)ともいう。出版の長い歴史に比べて、小売専業の書店の発生は遅く、江戸末期である。江戸初期に誕生した版元(本屋、書肆)は、製作、卸、小売りを兼ねていたが、幕末から明治にかけて販売が独立・分離し、新規の卸専門業者や小売業者が誕生した。書店の役割が大きくなるのは明治中期以降である。売れ残り品返品自由の委託販売制、定価販売制の確立に伴って急増した。 [小林一博] 書店の現状1985年(昭和60)、全国の書店数は二万数千店、うち日本書店商業組合連合会(日書連)加盟は約1万3000店に達していたが、日本経済のバブル崩壊とともに中小書店の休・廃業が始まった。1989年(平成1)から2000年までの11年間の休・廃業店合計は、約1万店と推定されている(2000年4月現在の日書連加盟店は9406店)。一方この間、大規模小売店舗法の緩和、取次間のシェア競争、出店コストの低下などにより、大規模な売場面積をもつ店舗の出店が相次ぎ、大型店出店ブームを起こした。全国書店の出版物売上占有率は、1950年代までは90%以上を占有していたが、スタンド・ルート、生協ルート、訪問販売、コンビニエンス・ストア、宅配便業者の参入、インターネットでの注文・販売など新規販売ルートの多発によってシェアは低下中である。 書店の取引の基本は、委託制と再販売価格維持契約(再販制)による定価販売制である。買切り品もあるが比率は低く、一部を除いて買切り品も返品される慣習がある。商品は出版社から取次会社経由で配本され、粗利益率は通常、定価の18~25%。価格競争、仕入れリスクはほとんどないが、大量販売してもスケール・メリットは少ない。反面、経営が安定しているため新規参入しやすい。1970年代後半から郊外型書店、大規模書店の増加により、書店全体の売場面積は、中小書店の休・廃業続出にもかかわらず増大が続いている。通産省(現経済産業省)の統計によると、全国書店の売場面積合計は1972年(昭和47)の約24万坪(79万8423平方メートル)が、97年(平成9)には約95万坪(315万1692平方メートル)に拡大した。2000年秋には1店舗で約2500坪の売場をもつ超大型店も誕生した。それでも、出版点数と発行量増加への対応は十分でないといわれている。しかも、書店は書籍・雑誌以外に、ビデオ(レンタルおよび販売)、CD、ゲーム、文具などの関連商品を扱う新しい業態の複合店が増えている。 [小林一博] インターネット書店また、インターネット時代に入って、書店はさらに大きく変貌(へんぼう)しようとしている。1975年(昭和50)ごろから問題化しながら改善が遅れ、客の不満が集中していた注文品調達の遅れが、インターネットの発達によって解決されそうになってきたのである。それらの書店は、インターネット上で受注・販売するもので、オンライン書店、インターネット書店、バーチャル書店、サイバー書店などともよばれているが、いずれも1995年(平成7)に開設されたアメリカのネット通販最大手アマゾン・ドット・コムAmazon.comの急成長に刺激されたものである。まず、洋書輸入・販売の大手、丸善と紀伊國屋書店がオンライン書店を開設。以後、八重洲ブックセンター、三省堂、文教堂、ジュンク堂、旭屋書店などが続いた。1986年(昭和61)から無店舗書店として成長を続けてきた宅配業のヤマト運輸(クロネコヤマト)と取次の栗田(くりた)出版販売との合弁によるブックサービスも、96年にオンライン書店を開設した。また取次各社も、単独、あるいは数社合弁で、e-hon(トーハン)、本やタウン(日販)、本の問屋さん(大阪屋)などを設立している。そのほかに、トーハン、ソフトバンク、セブン‐イレブン・ジャパン、ヤフーなどの出資による「イー・ショッピング・ブックス」、図書館流通センター、日経BP、アスクル、富士通、日本経済新聞社、電通などによる「ブックワン」、文教堂、オリコン、角川書店、講談社、マイクロソフト、トーハンなどによる「ジェイブック」など多数のオンライン書店が誕生した。また、2000年6月、ドイツの大手メディア企業ベルテルスマンの子会社BOLと日販ほかとの提携による「ビー・オー・エル・ジャパン」が活動を始め、同年11月には大阪屋との提携によりアマゾン・ドット・コムも日本市場に参入した。2000年現在、一部を除いてその大半は投資とサービス拡充の段階で、採算軌道に乗るのは時間がかかるであろう、との指摘もあるが、オンライン書店は今後とも拡大を続けるものとみられる。 なお、日書連が提唱してきた書店のSA(ストア・オートメーション)化は、1983年(昭和58)にスタートし、取次各社のオンライン・システムも84年に着手されているが、2000年時点で全国の書店を網羅するには至っていない。 [小林一博] 『清水英夫・金平聖之助・小林一博著『書店』(教育社新書)』▽『能勢仁著『本大好き人間のブックストア経営の本』(1985・中経出版)』▽『村上信明著『書店業新時代』(1994・新文化通信社)』▽『能瀬仁著『書店業のいまを読む――出版流通の現状と業界活性化への視点』(1994・実務教育出版)』▽『「新文化」編集部編『列島書店地図――激戦地を行く』(1998・遊友出版)』▽『永江朗著『菊地君の本屋』(1999・アルメディア)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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