Empress - Jotei

Japanese: 女帝 - じょてい
Empress - Jotei

A female sovereign (emperor, king, or king). Queen. Also generally refers to a woman who has power and wields authority. In Japan, the wife of Emperor Chuai, who is considered the 14th emperor, Princess Okinagatarashihime (Empress Jingu), is recorded in the Nihon Shoki as having advanced into Korea after her husband's death and ruling the country for 69 years, and in the Fudoki she is referred to as an emperor. Princess Iitoyoao, the daughter of Prince Ichibe no Oshiiwa, is said to have ascended to the throne for one year after the death of Emperor Seinei, who is considered the 22nd emperor. Some historical records use the title of emperor, just like Empress Jingu, but both are legendary figures. Among the successive emperors, the 33rd Emperor, Suiko (reigned 592-628, same below), the 35th Emperor, Kōgyoku (642-645), the 37th Emperor, Saimei (655-661, Kōgyoku chōso), the 41st Emperor, Jitō (686-697), the 43rd Emperor, Genmei (707-715), the 44th Emperor, Genshō (715-724), the 46th Emperor, Kōken (749-758), the 48th Emperor, Shotoku (764-770, Kōken chōso), the 109th Emperor, Meishō (1629-43), and the 117th Emperor, Gosakuramachi (1762-70), were all women. Of these, only Empress Jitō was actually involved in politics. In Japan, female empresses often occurred when there was no suitable successor to the throne immediately after the death of the previous emperor, and the previous empress, princess, or crown princess took the throne. It is thought that the reason there were so many female empresses in the 7th and 8th centuries was because the imperial family itself had not yet matured as a royal house. Meanwhile, around the 2nd and 3rd centuries before the establishment of the Yamato court, there was a country called Yamatai ruled by Queen Himiko (Gishiwajinden). In the case of Yamatai, the queen used demonology (magic) to control the people's minds, and the actual politics were run by a male king. In the Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawa Prefecture), up until the Second Sho Dynasty (1470-1866), in addition to the male king who held real political power, there was also a female Kikoe Ogimi who held the highest religious position. Although we should not simply compare Yamataikoku or the Ryukyu Kingdom with female empresses under the imperial system, there is a theory that the joint accession of a male king and a queen is called the Hiko-hime system, and is a characteristic of ancient Japanese monarchy.

China has only had one female empress in history. She was Empress Wu Zetian (reigned 690-705, same below), who was the wife of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty. After her husband's death, she renamed the country Zhou and ascended to the throne herself, calling herself the Holy Divine Emperor. She gained the support of the newly emerging civil service bureaucrats and landlords, and mercilessly suppressed opposing forces, but after ascending to the throne, she promoted educational policies. In ancient Egypt, there have been many female empresses since Hatshepsut (1501-1480 BC). In particular, Cleopatra VII (51-30 BC) of the Ptolemaic dynasty, known as the concubine of the Roman Emperor Caesar and the wife of Antony, is a typical female empress who combined beauty, intelligence, and a desire for power. It is said that many female empresses appeared in Egypt because it was originally a strongly matrilineal society. There have been no notable female empresses in the West since then. The only known one is Irene (797-802), wife of Eastern Roman Emperor Leo IV, who ascended to the throne after a conspiracy. As the Middle Ages transitioned to modern times, many famous female empresses appeared in Western countries. These include Isabella I (1474-1504), who unified Spain as Queen of Castile and assisted Columbus in discovering the New World in 1492; Elizabeth I (1558-1603), the "Virgin Queen" of the Tudor dynasty in England; Maria Theresa (1740-1780), who reigned over Germany, Austria, and Hungary as empress of the Holy Roman Empire; and Catherine II (1762-1796), wife of Russian Emperor Peter III, who later drove her husband to death and ascended to the throne. All of these women had in common not only beauty and culture, but also enlightened and progressive ideas. The reason why the Western people, who were breaking away from the closed world of the Middle Ages, enthusiastically supported them was probably because of their progressiveness. At a time when the storm of the Protestant Reformation was raging, the Empress was welcomed as a reincarnation of the compassionate Virgin Mary.

As of 2005, countries with queens are: United Kingdom - Queen Elizabeth II (reigned 1952-), Netherlands - Queen Beatrix (reigned 1980-), Denmark - Queen Margrethe II (reigned 1972-), etc. Among the countries that are members of the Commonwealth and have constitutional monarchies, many have Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Bahamas.

[Mizutani Rui]

[References] | Isabella (I) | Irene | Catherine (II) | Elizabeth (I) | Elizabeth (II) | Kon'e-o-kimi | Cleopatra | Emperor Gensho | Emperor Genmei | Emperor Gosakuramachi |Emperor Saimei | Emperor Jito | Emperor Shotoku | Empress Jingu | Empress Suiko | Empress Wu Zetten | Hatshepsut | Himiko | Maria Theresa | Emperor Meisho

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

女性の君主(皇帝、天皇、王)のこと。女王。また一般に権力を有し権勢をほしいままにする女性をさす。日本では、第14代とされる仲哀(ちゅうあい)天皇の后(きさき)、息長足姫尊(おきながたらしひめのみこと)(神功(じんぐう)皇后)は、夫の死後、朝鮮進出を断行し、69年間政治をとったと『日本書紀』に記され、『風土記(ふどき)』では天皇とよばれている箇所がある。市辺押磐(いちべのおしいわ)皇子の娘飯豊青(いいとよあお)皇女は、第22代とされる清寧(せいねい)天皇没後1年間皇位についたといわれ、神功皇后同様天皇の称号を用いた史書もあるが、ともに伝説上の人物である。歴代天皇のなかでは、第33代とされる推古(すいこ)(在位592~628。以下同じ)、第35代皇極(こうぎょく)(642~645)、第37代斉明(さいめい)(655~661。皇極重祚(ちょうそ))、第41代持統(じとう)(686~697)、第43代元明(げんめい)(707~715)、第44代元正(げんしょう)(715~724)、第46代孝謙(こうけん)(749~758)、第48代称徳(しょうとく)(764~770。孝謙重祚)、第109代明正(めいしょう)(1629~43)、第117代後桜町(ごさくらまち)(1762~70)が女性であった。このうち実際政治に携わったのは持統天皇くらいである。日本の女帝は、先代の天皇が没したあと、すぐ即位できる適当な皇位継承者がなかった場合、先代天皇の皇后、皇女あるいは皇太子妃などが即位した例が多い。7~8世紀に女帝の出現が多かった理由は、皇室自体が王家として成熟していなかったためと考えられる。一方、大和(やまと)朝廷成立以前の2~3世紀ごろ、女王卑弥呼(ひみこ)が支配する邪馬台(やまたい)国があった(『魏志倭人伝(ぎしわじんでん)』)。邪馬台国の場合、女王は鬼道(呪術(じゅじゅつ))を用いて人心を支配し、実際の政治は男王が行っていた。また琉球(りゅうきゅう)王国(沖縄県)では、第二尚氏(しょうし)王統時代(1470~1866)まで、政治的実権を握る男王のほかに宗教上の最上位にたつ女性聞得大君(きこえおおぎみ)がいた。邪馬台国や琉球王国と天皇制下の女帝とを単純に比較してはならないが、男王と女王との連立即位をヒコ・ヒメ制とよび、日本古代王政の特徴とする説もある。

 中国では、史上女帝はただ1人しか出現しなかった。唐の皇帝高宗(こうそう)の皇后で、夫の死後国号を周に改め自ら即位し聖神皇帝と称した則天武后(そくてんぶこう)(在位690~705。以下同じ)である。彼女は新興の科挙官僚や地主層の支持を得、対立する勢力を容赦なく弾圧したが、即位後は文教政策を進めた。古代エジプトでは、ハトシェプスト(前1501~前1480)以来女帝の即位例が多い。とくにプトレマイオス朝のクレオパトラ7世(前51~前30)は、ローマ皇帝カエサルの愛妾(あいしょう)として、またアントニウスの妻として知られ、美貌(びぼう)と才知そして権勢欲を兼ね備えた典型的な女帝といえる。エジプトは元来母系制の強い社会だったので、多くの女帝が出現したといわれる。西洋ではその後、女帝として際だった存在はない。わずかに東ローマ帝国皇帝レオ4世の妃で、陰謀のすえ帝位についたイレーネ(797~802)が知られている。中世から近代に移行すると、西洋各国に著名な女帝が輩出する。カスティーリャの女王としてスペイン国家を統一し、1492年コロンブスの新大陸発見を援助したイサベル1世(1474~1504)、イギリス・チューダー朝の「処女女王」エリザベス1世(1558~1603)、神聖ローマ帝国の女帝としてドイツ、オーストリア、ハンガリーに君臨したマリア・テレジア(1740~80)、ロシア帝国皇帝ピョートル3世の妃で、のちに夫を死に追いやり帝位についたエカチェリーナ2世(1762~96)などがそれである。彼女たちは共通して、美貌、教養を備えたのみならず、啓蒙(けいもう)的、進歩的であった。閉鎖的な中世世界から脱却しつつあった西洋の人々が、彼女らを熱狂的に支持したのも、その進歩性ゆえであったろう。宗教改革の嵐(あらし)が吹き荒れていたこのころ、女帝の姿が慈愛あふれる聖母マリアの再来として迎えられたのも事実であった。

 2005年現在、女王が在位する国は、イギリス―エリザベス2世(在位1952~ )、オランダ―ベアトリックス女王(1980~ )、デンマーク―マルグレーテ2世(1972~ )などである。なお、イギリス連邦加盟で立憲君主制をとる国では、カナダ、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、バハマなどエリザベス2世を元首とする国が多い。

[水谷 類]

[参照項目] | イサベル(1世) | イレーネ | エカチェリーナ(2世) | エリザベス(1世) | エリザベス(2世) | 聞得大君 | クレオパトラ | 元正天皇 | 元明天皇 | 後桜町天皇 | 斉明天皇 | 持統天皇 | 称徳天皇 | 神功皇后 | 推古天皇 | 則天武后 | ハトシェプスト | 卑弥呼 | マリア・テレジア | 明正天皇

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