A superconducting phenomenon that occurs when two superconductors are weakly coupled (for example, joined through a thin insulator of a few nanometers). It was theoretically discovered by B. Josephson in 1962. The DC Josephson effect is when electron pairs specific to superconductivity flow in one direction through an insulating film due to the tunnel effect even when no voltage is applied to the two superconductors. When a voltage V is applied between the superconductors from the outside, an AC current flows with a frequency of 2 eV / h ( e is the charge of the electron, and h is the Planck constant) that is proportional to the voltage. This is called the AC Josephson effect. These phenomena are due to the important role played by the difference in phase between the macroscopic wave phenomena that determine the state of the two superconductors, and show that superconductivity is a quantum effect on a macroscopic scale with wave characteristics. The phase on a macroscopic scale is also an important concept in explaining the properties of superfluid helium. A structure that exhibits the Josephson effect is called a Josephson junction. The Josephson effect is widely used in high-sensitivity magnetometers (SQUIDs) that combine the DC effect and magnetic flux quantization, and in international voltage standards that use the AC effect. Circuit elements that utilize this effect are generally called Josephson elements, and are expected to be used as high-speed switching elements. (→ Magnetic flux quantization) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
2つの超伝導体を弱く結合 (たとえば,数 nmの薄い絶縁体を通して接合) したときに起る超伝導現象。 1962年 B.ジョセフソンが理論的に見出した。2つの超伝導体に電圧をかけないでも,超伝導に特有な電子対がトンネル効果で絶縁膜を通過して一方向に流れるものを直流ジョセフソン効果という。外部から超伝導体間に電圧 V をかけると,それに比例する周波数 2eV/h ( e は電子の電荷,h はプランク定数 ) の交流電流が流れる。これを交流ジョセフソン効果という。これらの現象は2つの超伝導体の状態を与えるマクロの波動現象の位相の差が重要な働きをしていて,超伝導が波動的性格をもつ巨視的スケールでの量子効果であることを示している。巨視的スケールでの位相は,超流動ヘリウムの性質を説明するうえでも重要な概念になっている。ジョセフソン効果を示す構造をジョセフソン接合という。ジョセフソン効果は,直流効果と磁束量子化とを組合せた高感度磁束計 (スクイド ) や,交流効果を用いた国際電圧標準などに広く応用されている。一般にこの効果を利用した回路素子はジョセフソン素子と呼ばれ,高速スイッチング素子として期待されている。 (→磁束量子 )
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