Showa Station

Japanese: 昭和基地 - しょうわきち
Showa Station

A Japanese observation station was opened on January 29, 1957 (Showa 32) on East Ongul Island on the eastern coast of Lützow-Holm Bay in Antarctica for observations during the International Geophysical Year (1957-58). The reference astronomical observation point is located at 69°0'S, 39°35'E, and 43m above sea level. It is separated from the Antarctic continent by the Ongul Strait, which is about 5km wide. The average annual temperature is about -10°C, and exposed rocks appear in summer. It is a suitable observation site as it is located directly under the aurora zone. Since its opening, the second wintering attempt in 1958 was unsuccessful, but wintering observations were conducted until 1962. After a temporary closure, it has been maintained from 1966 (7th wintering) to the present (2006, 47th wintering). Observation items include regular observations of the aurora, night glow, meteorology, geomagnetism, earthquakes, and tides, as well as annual research observations of upper atmospheric physics, snow and ice, geology, geography, biology, and medicine. Modern facilities include a rocket launch facility for aurora observation, a scientific satellite receiving facility, automatic weather observation equipment, automatic earthquake measuring equipment, and computers. As of 2006, there are 53 buildings (with a total floor area of ​​approximately 6,400 square meters), where approximately 40 people spend the winter each year. Small aircraft are also kept there, using a runway on the sea ice.

The cairn where Fukushima Shin, a member of the expedition who was lost at sea in October 1960, is one of the historic sites in Antarctica. In 1970, the Mizuho satellite station was established on the inland ice sheet about 270 km southeast of the station, and it is used to observe upper atmosphere physics, meteorology, snow and ice, as well as to serve as a base for inland research.

[Hiroshi Kusunoki]

"Masami Murayama, '5,200 km to the South Pole: Winter Life at Showa Base and Conquest of the Pole' (1978, Kaiseisha)"Yoshikichi Hirayama, 'Buildings at Showa Base in the Antarctic: Research and Design' (2004, Maruzen Planet)

[References] | Ongul Island | International Geophysical Year | Antarctica

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国際地球観測年(1957~58)の観測のため、南極リュツォ・ホルム湾東岸の東オングル島に、1957年(昭和32)1月29日に開設された日本の観測基地。基準となる天測点の位置は、南緯69度0分、東経39度35分、高度43メートル。南極大陸とは幅約5キロメートルのオングル海峡で隔てられている。年平均気温は零下約10℃で、夏には露岩が現れる。オーロラ帯の直下にあるので観測の適地である。開設以来、58年の第2次越冬は不成立に終わったが、62年まで越冬観測が行われた。一時閉鎖のあと、66年(第7次)から現在(2006。第47次)まで維持されている。観測項目は、極光、夜光、気象、地磁気、地震、潮汐(ちょうせき)の定常観測と、超高層大気物理学、雪氷、地質、地理、生物、医学などの研究観測が、年次的に重点を置いて続けられている。オーロラ観測のためのロケット打上げ施設、科学衛星受信施設、気象自動観測装置、地震自動測定装置、電子計算機などの近代的な施設がある。2006年現在53棟の建物(延総床面積約6400平方メートル)があり、毎年約40名が越冬する。小型飛行機も置かれ、海氷上の滑走路を利用している。

 1960年10月遭難した福島紳(しん)隊員のケルンは南極史跡の一つである。70年には基地南東約270キロメートルの内陸氷床上に衛星基地「みずほ」が設けられ、超高層物理、気象、雪氷の観測が行われるとともに、内陸調査の基地となっている。

[楠 宏]

『村山雅美著『南極点へ5200キロ――昭和基地の越冬生活と極点征服』(1978・偕成社)』『平山善吉著『南極・昭和基地の建物――研究と設計』(2004・丸善プラネット)』

[参照項目] | オングル島 | 国際地球観測年 | 南極

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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