Shock wave - Shock wave

Japanese: 衝撃波 - しょうげきは(英語表記)shock wave
Shock wave - Shock wave

A wave that is generated by an explosion or other event and travels faster than the speed of sound in gas. When an object (such as an airplane) moves through stationary gas at a speed faster than the speed of sound in gas (supersonic speed), the pressure change in the gas generated by the object is concentrated at the shock wave front. At this wave front, the density and speed of the gas change discontinuously. In a supersonic jet plane, the pressure change caused by the jet plane is only transmitted within a cone called the Mach cone, and shock waves appear on the surface of the cone. Even if there is no object, shock waves with discontinuous changes in density and speed are generated when the gas itself flows faster than its own speed of sound. For example, when a nuclear explosion occurs, the gas in the surrounding area accelerates and begins to spread at supersonic speed, generating shock waves. In such cases, they are called blast waves, and they propagate as waves of high-pressure gas. It is these blast waves (shock waves) that cause the explosions of atomic and hydrogen bombs to exert such great pressure that they can blow away houses and bridges. The ratio of pressures at the front and rear of a shock wave is defined as the strength of the shock wave. Once this is determined, the extent to which the speed and density change discontinuously can be determined by applying the three conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy at the front and rear of the shock wave. This is called the Rankine-Higoniot equation. If you stand on the shock wave front, you will see a supersonic flow entering from the upstream side and flowing out at subsonic speed downstream. At this time, part of the kinetic energy of the upstream flow is converted into thermal energy, creating a high temperature and high pressure state downstream. Shock waves that have spread to a size of 10 18 meters due to the explosion of a star, and shock waves in the Earth's magnetosphere due to plasma flows from the Sun have also been confirmed.

[Ryo Ikeuchi]

[References] | High-speed flight | High-speed fluid | Magnetosphere | Supersonic

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

爆発などによって発生し、気体中の音速より速く進む波。静止した気体中を、気体の音速より速い速度(超音速)で物体(たとえば飛行機)が動くとき、物体により発生した気体の圧力変化は、衝撃波面に集中する。この波面では気体の密度と速度が不連続的に変化する。超音速ジェット機では、マッハ・コーンとよばれる円錐(えんすい)内のみにしかジェット機による圧力変化が伝わらず、円錐面上は衝撃波となっている。また、物体がなくても、気体自身が自らの音速以上で流れるとき、密度と速度が不連続変化をする衝撃波が発生する。たとえば、核爆発がおこれば、その周辺の気体は加速されて超音速で広がり始め、衝撃波が発生する。このような場合を爆風波とよび、高圧のガスの波となって伝播(でんぱ)する。原爆や水爆の爆発で家や橋を吹き飛ばすほどの大きな圧力を示すのは、この爆風波(衝撃波)のためである。衝撃波の前面と後面の圧力の比を衝撃波の強さと定義し、それが決まると、速度や密度がどの程度不連続変化するかは、衝撃波の前面と後面で質量・運動量・エネルギーの三つの保存則を適用することによって求められる。これをランキン‐イゴニオの関係式という。衝撃波面に立ってみると、上流側から超音速の流れが入り、下流側へ亜音速で流れ出している。このとき、上流側の流れの運動エネルギーの一部が熱エネルギーに変わり、高温高圧状態が下流側につくられるのである。星の爆発による1018メートルもの大きさに広がった衝撃波や、太陽からくるプラズマ流のため地球の磁気圏で衝撃波が生じていることなども、よく確かめられている。

[池内 了]

[参照項目] | 高速飛行 | 高速流体 | 磁気圏 | 超音速

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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