Voluntarism

Japanese: 主意主義 - しゅいしゅぎ(英語表記)voluntarism
Voluntarism
A word derived from the Latin voluntas (will), it is a philosophical idea that preaches the superiority of good and will, as opposed to intellectualism, which places the first priority on truth and intellect. If we distinguish between psychological, ethical, theological, and metaphysical voluntarism, psychological voluntarism considers humans to be beings that are motivated toward some goal, and whose intellect and understanding are subordinate to their will. Representatives of this type include Hobbes, Hume, and Schopenhauer. Ethical voluntarism attributes standards of good and evil to humans as subjects that also will, and is expressed in the ancient maxim of Protagoras, "Man is the measure of all things," but is also seen in the modern pragmatism of W. James. Theological voluntarism preaches the superiority of God's will over divine knowledge, and as a result, intellectual consideration of God is impossible. Its most extreme form is seen in P. Damiani, who argues that human understanding has no value whatsoever when it comes to theological matters. Furthermore, Kierkegaard, who preached the meaninglessness of understanding and self-evidence in faith and advocated faith as an act of will, and many modern religious leaders also hold this position. Metaphysical voluntarism is the idea that the will is crucial to understanding law, ethics, and human behavior in general, or even to reality itself, and Fichte and Bergson are among those who hold this position, but the most radical idea is that of Schopenhauer, who placed the will at the foundation of the world.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ラテン語の voluntas (意志) に由来する言葉で,真理と知性を第1のものとする主知主義に対して,善と意志の優位を説く哲学的な考え方。心理学的,倫理学的,神学的,形而上学的主意主義に区別すれば,心理学的主意主義は,人間を何かある目標に向って意欲し,知性や悟性が意志に従属しているような存在と考えるもので,その代表者はホッブズ,ヒューム,ショーペンハウアーらである。倫理学的主意主義は,善悪の規準をも意欲する主体としての人間に帰するもので,古くはプロタゴラスの「人は万物の尺度なり」という格率に表現されているが,近代でも W.ジェームズのプラグマティズムにおいてみられる。また神学的主意主義は,神の意志の神知に対する優位性を説くのであり,結果的には神に関する知性的考察は不可能となる。その最も極端な形は P.ダミアニにみられ,神学的な事柄に関しては人間の悟性はまったく価値をもたないとした。さらに信仰における悟性や明証性などの無意味さを説いて,意志する行為としての信仰を主張したキルケゴールや,また現代の多くの宗教指導者などもこのような立場にいる。形而上学的主意主義は,意志を,法,倫理,人間の行為一般を理解するうえで決定的なものとし,あるいは実在性そのものにとっても決定的なものとするような考え方であり,フィヒテやベルグソンなどがその立場にいるが,最も徹底的な考え方はショーペンハウアーで意志を世界の根底においた。

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