Ranking - Jun

Japanese: 順位 - じゅんい
Ranking - Jun

A hierarchy of dominance and inferiority among individuals in a group of animals. It is usually used only when the relationship has a certain degree of continuity and stability and is not affected by location. The hierarchy is determined by body size, sex, age, etc., and is known to have a great influence on the feeding, growth, reproduction, etc. of individuals in social life. Individuals with relatively high rankings are called dominants and individuals with low rankings are called subordinates, and the hierarchy can be divided into several types depending on the nature of their mutual relationship. Of these, when subordinates never attack dominants and all individuals form a linear hierarchy, it is called absolute hierarchy. When subordinates attack dominants or there is a three-way relationship such as A>B>C>A, it is called relative hierarchy. When there is no clear superiority or inferiority except for one top individual, it is called dictatorship. A clear superiority and inferiority relationship is seen when the parties involved know each other and the difference in power is obvious at a glance. In addition, when individuals in a group live based on mutually recognized dominance relationships and avoid unnecessary conflicts, it is said that the group has a hierarchical system. Hierarchical systems were first discovered in 1922 by T. Schjelderup-Ebbe as the pecking order of chickens, and have since been widely found in paper wasps, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

[Osamu Katano]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物の集団のなかの個体間における優位と劣位の序列のこと。ある程度の持続性と安定性をもち、場所によって影響されない関係に限っていわれるのが普通である。順位は、体の大きさ、性、年齢などによって規定され、社会生活において個体の摂食、成長、繁殖などに大きく影響することが知られている。相対的に順位の高い個体を優位者、低い個体を劣位者とよび、その相互関係のあり方によって順位はいくつかの型に分けられることがある。このうち、劣位者が優位者をけっして攻撃することなくすべての個体が直線的な序列をつくる場合を絶対的順位、劣位者が優位者を攻撃したり、たとえばA>B>C>Aといった三すくみの関係がみられる場合を相対的順位、また最上位の一個体を除いて、ほかは優劣のはっきりしない場合を独裁制とよぶ。明確な優劣関係は、その当事者どうしが互いに知り合っていたり、一見して力の差が明らかである場合にみられるものである。また、一つの群れのなかの個体どうしが、互いに認知しあった優劣関係に基づいて生活し、むだな争いを避けている場合、とくにその群れには順位制があるという。順位は最初、1922年にシェルデラップ・エッベT. Schjelderup-Ebbeがニワトリのつつきの順位として明らかにして以来、アシナガバチ類、魚類、爬虫(はちゅう)類、鳥類、哺乳(ほにゅう)類などで広くみいだされている。

[片野 修]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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