Schleiermacher (English spelling) Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher

Japanese: シュライエルマハー - しゅらいえるまはー(英語表記)Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher
Schleiermacher (English spelling) Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher

German theologian and philosopher. A leading figure in 19th-century Protestant theology. Born on November 21 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) to a reformed pastor, he was educated at the Herrnhut Brethren's school as a boy. However, in his youth he rebelled against Pietism and longed for the Enlightenment, clashing with his father while studying at the University of Halle. However, he gradually came to understand the good points of Pietism and made it the basis of his religious thought. After passing the state theological exam, he worked as a tutor and pastor, and in 1796 became a pastor at a charity hospital in Berlin. During his stay in Berlin, he came into contact with the Romantic group and became close friends with Friedrich Schlegel, and the two of them planned to translate Plato. Although Schleiermacher ended up publishing the work alone between 1804 and 1828, this translation had a major impact on 19th-century Plato studies. His works from this period include Lectures on Religion (1799) and Orations to the Gods (1800). Lectures on Religion is a Romantic defense of religion against the Enlightenment thinkers who despised religion, and distinguishes religion from philosophy and morality, viewing it as a unique realm, the realm of cosmic intuition and emotion. Religion is a moment captured by a divine spark, a direct union with the infinite. The individual experience of religion always takes the form of a community and is grasped historically. Orations to the Gods was the first fruit of his ethical research.

In 1804, he became an assistant professor and pastor of the attached church at the University of Halle, but in 1806 the university was closed due to the occupation by Napoleon. After returning to Berlin in 1807, he gave free lectures and worked hard to establish a university together with the Humboldt brothers and Fichte. In 1809, he became pastor of the Sangis Church, and in 1810, he became professor at the newly established University of Berlin, and worked diligently in these two positions until his death. Lectures on theology and preaching at churches were his lifelong calling. During his tenure, the issue of church union, which the Prussian king was eager to achieve, arose. Schleiermacher himself was not opposed to union, but he opposed top-down reform and advocated union based on a collegial system. His masterpieces of this period were "Discourse on theology" (1811) and "The Christian Faith" (1821-1822), and the latter in particular became the foundation of liberal theology. It understands faith as an emotion of absolute dependence, regards Christianity as an ethical monotheism that originates from the salvation brought about by Jesus of Nazareth, and analyzes this unique emotion as representing the relationship between God and the world, in terms of the opposition between sin and grace.

Regarding Schleiermacher's thought as a whole, there has traditionally been a strong tendency to view theology from a philosophical perspective based on Dilthey's unfinished research, but recently there has been an intensification of research looking at philosophy from a theological perspective based on Dilthey's posthumous manuscripts.

[Yuzaburo Morita, August 21, 2018]

"Solomon" (translated by Kiba Shinjo) (1980, Risosha)

[References] | Hermeneutics | Schlegel (brothers) | Dilthey | Fichte

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの神学者、哲学者。19世紀のプロテスタント神学の第一人者。11月21日ブレスラウ(現、ポーランド領ブロツワフ)の改革派牧師の子に生まれ、少年時代はヘルンフート兄弟団の学校で教育を受けた。しかし青年時代には敬虔(けいけん)主義に反発して啓蒙(けいもう)主義にあこがれ、父と激突してハレ大学で学んだが、やがて敬虔主義の良所を漸次理解し、その宗教思想の基礎に置くようになる。神学国家試験に合格してのち、家庭教師と牧師を経て、1796年ベルリンの慈善病院牧師となる。ベルリン滞在中ロマン主義グループに接し、フリードリヒ・シュレーゲルと親しくなり、2人で共同してプラトンの翻訳を計画した。結局はシュライエルマハーひとりの手で、1804~1828年にわたり出版されることになるが、この翻訳は19世紀のプラトン研究に大きな影響を与えた。『宗教講演』(1799)と『独語録』(1800)はこの時期の作品である。『宗教講演』は、宗教を軽蔑(けいべつ)する啓蒙主義者に対するロマン主義の宗教擁護であり、宗教を哲学と道徳から区別して独自の領域、宇宙の直観と感情の領域とみなす。宗教は天来の火花によってとらえられた瞬間であり、無限者との直接の合一である。宗教の個体的体験はつねに共同体の形態をとり、歴史的に把握される。『独語録』は、倫理学的研究の最初の成果であった。

 1804年ハレ大学助教授兼付設教会牧師となったが、1806年ナポレオンの占領のため大学が閉鎖された。1807年ベルリンへ帰って以後、自由講演を行い、フンボルト兄弟やフィヒテとともに大学創設に尽力した。1809年三一(さんいつ)教会牧師、1810年新設のベルリン大学教授となり、死ぬまでこの二つの職に精励した。神学講義と教会説教は、彼が終生打ち込んだ天職であった。その在任中、プロシア王の熱望する教会合同の問題がおこり、シュライエルマハー自身は合同には反対ではなかったが、上からの改革に反対し、合議制に基づく合同を主張した。『神学通論』(1811)と『キリスト教的信仰』(1821~1822)はこの時期の傑作であり、とくに後者は自由主義神学の基礎となった。それは、信仰を絶対依存の感情として把握し、キリスト教をナザレのイエスのもたらした救済に発する倫理的唯一神教とみなし、その特有の感情を神と世界との関係を表すものとして、罪と恩寵(おんちょう)の対立の下に分析する。

 シュライエルマハーの思想全体について、従来はディルタイの未完の研究に基づき哲学から神学をみる傾向が強かったが、最近はディルタイの遺稿をもとに、神学から哲学をみる研究が強められている。

[森田雄三郎 2018年8月21日]

『木場深定訳『独り語る』(1980・理想社)』

[参照項目] | 解釈学 | シュレーゲル(兄弟) | ディルタイ | フィヒテ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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