The trunks, branches, and roots of trees grow and thicken due to the activity of the cambium. The parts outside the cambium are called bark, and the parts inside are called wood (lumber). Bark is formed through the following process. The first part formed by cell division outward from the cambium is called the secondary phloem, and it consists of sieve tubes or sieve cells that transport nutrients such as sugars, companion cells or protein cells that control their function, phloem parenchyma cells, bast fibers, and radial parenchyma cells. The secondary phloem is gradually pushed outward by the xylem and phloem newly formed from the cambium, and is stretched by the growth and thickening, so that the outermost ones gradually lose their function as a conductive tissue. The cork cambium is newly differentiated into the outer secondary phloem that has lost its function in this way, and eventually the cork layer is formed on the outside of the cork cambium, and the cork cortex is formed on the inside, forming the periderm. When the cork layer begins to form, it is difficult for water to penetrate it, so the tissues outside of it die. As new periderms are continually formed on the inside, the older ones are pushed outward as they grow and are stretched, gradually falling off. As the area from the innermost periderm outwards is entirely made up of dead tissue, this area is called the outer bark or rough bark. In contrast, the area on the inside is called the inner bark or cuticle. Although bark is continuously produced from the cambium as mentioned above, it does not accumulate in large quantities like wood because it falls off from the outside in sequence. However, in the case of redwoods of the cedar family and cork oaks from which cork is extracted, the outer bark accumulates in relatively thick layers. The way the bark falls off varies greatly depending on the tree species, with some falling off in long, thin strips like cedars and cypresses, others falling off in thin, paper-like strips like white birch, and others falling off in a mottled pattern like sycamore. The air tissue of the bark has long, thin, crack-like lenticels, which come in a variety of shapes. Bark contains a variety of useful substances (such as resins and tannins), so it has a wide range of industrial uses, including wax and leather tanning. Its fibers are also used in the production of Japanese paper. [Mitsuo Suzuki] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
樹木の幹・枝・根などは形成層の活動によって肥大成長するが、このうち、形成層より外側の部分を樹皮といい、内側の部分を材(木材)とよぶ。樹皮は次のような過程を経てつくられていく。形成層から外方に細胞分裂して最初にできた部分を二次篩部(しぶ)といい、糖類などの栄養分を運ぶ篩管または篩細胞、その働きをコントロールする伴細胞またはタンパク細胞のほか、篩部柔細胞、靭皮(じんぴ)繊維、放射柔細胞などからなっている。二次篩部は、新たに形成層からつくられる木部と篩部によって順次外方へと押し出されるほか、肥大成長によって引き伸ばされていくため、順次外方のものから通道組織としての機能を失っていく。このようにして機能を失った外方の二次篩部にはコルク形成層が新たに分化し、やがてコルク形成層の外側にコルク層、内側にコルク皮層を形成して周皮となる。コルク層ができ始めると、この層は水分を透過しにくいため、それより外方にある組織は死滅することとなる。周皮は次々と内側に新しく形成されていくため、それ以前のものは肥大成長につれて外方に押し出されると同時に引き伸ばされ、順次はげ落ちていく。いちばん内側の周皮から外側の部分はすべて死んだ組織からなるため、この部分は外樹皮あるいは粗皮(あらかわ)とよばれる。これに対して内側の部分は内樹皮あるいは甘皮(あまかわ)とよばれる。 樹皮は前述したように継続して形成層からつくられるにもかかわらず、外方から順次はげ落ちていくため、木材のように多量に蓄積することはない。しかし、スギ科のセコイアやコルクをとるコルクガシなどでは外樹皮の部分が比較的厚く蓄積している。樹皮のはげ落ち方にはスギやヒノキのように細長い帯状にはげるもの、シラカンバのように薄い紙状にはげるもの、スズカケノキのようにまだら模様になるものなどがあり、樹種によって大きく異なる。樹皮の通気組織には細長い割れ目状の皮目(ひもく)があり、これの形もさまざまである。樹皮にはさまざまな有用物質(たとえば樹脂、タンニンなど)が含まれているため、ワックスや皮なめしなど、工業的にも用途は広い。また、繊維は和紙製造などに利用されている。 [鈴木三男] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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