Subjectivity (English spelling) German

Japanese: 主体性 - しゅたいせい(英語表記)Subjektivität ドイツ語
Subjectivity (English spelling) German

The meaning of the character of the word "Subjekt" which is translated as "subject" or "subject". Originally, "subject" meant "that which is placed under," that is, the bearer of qualities or actions. In that sense, it was synonymous with the currently used terms "object" and "substratum." The reversal of meaning is understood to have begun with the awareness of the autonomy of modern humans, who were liberated from medieval heteronomous things and believed that the principles of cognition and morality reside in the human intellect. Kant in particular asserted a transcendental subjectivity in which the subject constitutes the object in the act of cognition. Here, the meaning of subjectivity is stronger than that of subjectivity, but when Hegel asserts absolute subjectivity by saying "the true is the subject," it carries an ontological meaning as the principle of coexistence, that is, the vital movement of the mind. Furthermore, when Hegel's universalism was rejected and the issue of concrete individuals living while being bound by circumstances was addressed, and Kierkegaard's religious existence in which one recovers one's true self through decision-making, or Marx's activeness as a human being who engages in social practice, was called subjectivity, the modern meaning of making conscious decisions and acting in the place where one lives without relying on existing authority or ideology was established. It is said that Miki Kiyoshi was the first in Japan to clearly define the difference between subjectivity and agency. While subjectivity is used in opposition to objectivity on the level of knowledge, agency is in the position of action, and it is none other than the subject that is in opposition to it. After the war, the debate over agency was waged among literary scholars and philosophers in Japan.

[Zenichi Ebisawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

主観ないし主体と訳されるSubjektのもつ性格の意味。サブジェクトはもともと「下に置かれたもの」、すなわち性質や働きの担い手を意味していた。その点で、現在用いられている客体や基体と同義であった。その意味が逆転したのは、中世風の他律的なものから解放され、認識や道徳の原理が人間知性のなかに存するとした近世的人間の自主性の自覚から始まったと解せられる。とくにカントは、認識作用において主観が客観を構成するという超越論的主観性を主張した。ここでは主体性よりむしろ主観性という意味が強いが、ヘーゲルが「真なるものは主体である」と絶対的主体性を主張するとき、それは共同存在、すなわち精神の生命的運動の原理として存在論的意味をもってくる。さらにヘーゲルの普遍主義を否定し、状況に束縛されつつ生きる具体的個人を問題にし、キルケゴールが決断によって真の自己を回復する宗教的実存を、あるいはマルクスが社会的実践を行う人間の能動性を主体性とよぶとき、自らの生きている場において、既成の権威や思想に頼らず自覚的に決断し行為するという現代的意味が確立した。日本で主観と主体との差異を明確にしたのは三木清(みききよし)であるといわれている。主観が知識の次元で客観と対立的に用いられるのに対して、主体は行為の立場にあり、それに対立するのはやはり主体にほかならない。戦後、日本では、文学者や哲学者の間で主体性論争が闘わされた。

[海老澤善一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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