Negligence - Hard

Toga refers to minor crimes such as mistakes and omissions, and the punishment for them. Since ancient times, for minor crimes, the perpetrator was required to write a written notice of error or neglect and was placed under house arrest for a certain period of time. The term "negligence" probably originated from this, and has frequently appeared in historical documents since the late Heian period. In 1231 (Kanki 3), the Kamakura Shogunate decree stipulated that if a criminal who had been placed in custody escaped, the person in charge would be required to carry out a misdemeanor such as repairing temples and shrines, if the criminal's crime was not serious. This clearly shows that misdemeanors were labor penalties or property (fines) penalties that did not involve the confiscation of land. In the case of property penalties, they were also called fines, fines, or compensation, and were widely practiced by provincial government offices, temple and shrine/manor lords, and village heads, and in the early modern period, the term came to mean exclusively fines.

[Akio Yoshie]

"Yoshie Akio, Confiscation of Official Positions and Fines during the Insei Period" (Collection of Essays on the History of the Nara and Heian Periods, 1984, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

とが、あやまち、おこたりなど軽微な犯罪、およびそれへの刑罰。古代以来これら軽微な犯罪には、過状(かじょう)や怠状(たいじょう)を書かせて一定期間謹慎させていた。過怠はおそらくこれを源流としたもので、平安後期から頻繁に史料上に現れる。1231年（寛喜3）の鎌倉幕府法令に、預け置かれた犯人が逃亡したとき、犯人の罪が重罪でなければ、預かり人に寺社修理などの過怠を行わせるという規定がある。これは過怠が所領没収に及ばない労役刑ないし財産（罰金）刑であったことを端的に示している。財産刑の場合は過料、過怠銭、贖銅(しょくどう)などともいわれ、諸国国衙(こくが)、寺社・荘園領主、惣村(そうそん)などでも広く行われ、近世にはもっぱら罰金刑を意味する言葉となった。

［義江彰夫］

『義江彰夫著「院政期の没官と過料」（『奈良平安時代史論集』1984・吉川弘文館）』

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