An ideology and policy that seeks to guarantee the maximum freedom of economic activity for individuals and to eliminate as much state interference and intervention in economic activity as possible. It was first proposed by the French Physiocrats, who opposed mercantilism, during the early stages of capitalism. Their argument, "laisse-faire," became the watchword for laissez-faire, but it was Adam Smith who systematized this idea in economics. In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith attempted to theoretically demonstrate that free economic activity in which individuals pursue their own interests leads to an increase in social wealth, and that such activity is guided by an "invisible hand" (in modern terms, the action of market mechanisms) to achieve a fair and efficient distribution of wealth and social harmony. However, the development of the capitalist economy itself gave rise to monopolies, which are the opposite of free competition, and furthermore, laissez-faire was abandoned when the state's economic role and regulation became necessary to resolve unemployment and poverty caused by the Great Depression of the 1930s. [Shuta Sasaki] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
個人の経済活動の自由を最大限に保障し、国家による経済活動への干渉・介入を極力排除しようとする思想および政策。資本主義の生成期に、重商主義に反対するフランスの重農主義者が最初に提唱した。彼らの主張である「レッセ・フェール」が自由放任主義の合いことばとなったが、この思想を経済学的に体系化したのはアダム・スミスであった。スミスは、『国富論』(1776)において、個人が自己の利益を追求する自由な経済活動こそが社会的富の増大をもたらすのであり、またその活動は「見えざる手」に導かれて(現代的にいえば、市場機構の作用によって)富の公正で効率的な配分も実現し、社会的調和が達成されることを理論的に明らかにしようとした。しかし、資本主義経済の発展は自ら自由競争の反対物である独占を生み出し、さらに、1930年代の大不況による失業と貧困の解決のために、国家の経済的役割と規制が必要とされるに至って、自由放任主義は放棄されたのである。 [佐々木秀太] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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