Oboe - Oboe (English spelling)

Japanese: オーボエ - おーぼえ(英語表記)oboe
Oboe - Oboe (English spelling)

A type of aerophone with a double reed attached to the top of a conical tube. The word originates from hautbois (high-pitched woodwind instrument), a combination of the French words haut (high) and bois (wood), and the term has been used since the end of the 15th century. Orchestral oboes are usually made of wood and have a tube length of about 70 centimeters. The reeds are made of reed and are crafted by the player himself. The tube length is fixed, and the pitch can be finely adjusted just by inserting the reed, making it the most difficult woodwind instrument to change the tuning, and when playing in an ensemble, other instruments match the oboe. It is not a transposing instrument, and its fundamental tone is C 4 , that is, a C tube, so the written tone matches the actual tone. The range is from B♭ 3 to G 6 . In the early days, there were only two or three key devices that opened and closed the tube holes with the fingers, but the prototype of the current model was established in the 19th century. The predecessor of the oboe is the shawm, which was introduced to Europe from the Near East in the 12th century and developed throughout the Renaissance. Among them, the relatively high-pitched shawm came to be called the aubois around the 17th century, while the low-pitched one (grobois), which was created later, became the ancestor of instruments such as the cor anglais and the bassoon. In the early 16th and 17th centuries, the oboe was used to accompany dance, but later, its sustained sound and sharp yet deep tone came to be valued, and it became an important instrument in opera, chamber music, and orchestras.

Oboe is used in a broad sense as a general term for double-reed woodwind instruments, including not only the predecessors of the European oboe, but also the various shawms from around the world, such as the ancient Greek aulos, the Turkish zurna, the Indian sha-nai, the Tibetan lyaling and soruna, the Chinese so-na (嗩吶), the Thai pi-nai, the East Asian hichiriki and charumera. These are historically related and usually play the main melody in an ensemble.

[Akiko Kawaguchi]

Oboe
©Yamaha ">

Oboe

17th century oboe
Circa 1650 Wood and brass Length 74.3 cm Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

17th century oboe


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

円錐(えんすい)管の上端にダブルリードを取り付けた気鳴楽器の一種。語源はフランス語のhaut(高い)とbois(木)をあわせたhautbois(高音の木管楽器)であるとされ、この語は15世紀末から用いられた。いわゆるオーケストラのオーボエは、通常木製で管長約70センチメートル。リードは葦(あし)製で、奏者自身が製作くふうする。管長は一定で、リードの差込み加減だけで音高を微調整するので、木管楽器のなかでもっとも音律を変えにくく、合奏の際は他の楽器がオーボエにあわせる。移調楽器ではなく、基音はC4、つまりC管で記譜と実音が一致する。音域はB♭3からG6。指で管孔を開閉するキー装置は、初期には2、3にすぎなかったが、19世紀に現在の原型が整えられた。オーボエの前身楽器としては、12世紀に近東からヨーロッパに入り、ルネサンス期を通じて発達したショームshawmがあげられる。そのなかで比較的高音のものが17世紀ごろオーボアとよばれるようになり、これに対してのちにつくられた低音のもの(grobois)は、コーラングレやファゴットなどの先祖となった。オーボエは初期の16、17世紀には舞踊の伴奏に用いられていたが、その後、音の持続性や鋭いが深みのある音色が買われて、オペラや室内楽、オーケストラなどで重要な地位を占める楽器となった。

 オーボエは広義にはダブルリードの木管楽器の総称として用いられ、そこにはヨーロッパのオーボエの前身だけでなく、世界に古くからあるさまざまなショームも含まれる。古代ギリシアのアウロスを筆頭に、トルコのズルナ、インドのシャーナーイ、チベットのリャリン、ソルナー、中国のソーナー(嗩吶)、タイのピー・ナイ、東アジアの篳篥(ひちりき)、チャルメラなどがある。これらは歴史的に関連性をもっており、たいていアンサンブルのなかで主旋律を受け持つ主要楽器となっている。

[川口明子]

オーボエ
©ヤマハ">

オーボエ

17世紀のオーボエ
1650年ころ 木・真鍮 全長74.3cmメトロポリタン美術館所蔵">

17世紀のオーボエ


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