A topography found in permafrost regions where the underground temperature is always below 0°C. This is an area where the freeze fracture of rocks and other materials occurs actively because the underground temperature frequently rises and falls above 0°C. It is found in high latitude regions, mainly in the Arctic, and in alpine zones above the tree line, where the growth of plants is hindered, and the ground surface is bare or covered only with shrubs and herbs called tundra vegetation. Repeated freezing and thawing causes rocks to break down, and the broken rock fragments are carried downward by meltwater and a slow flow of topsoil supersaturated with water, called solifluction. This results in a gentle slope overall, and only rocks that are resistant to freeze fracture protrude from the surrounding areas. On the ground surface, various types of structured soil develop due to the movement of soil material caused by repeated freezing and thawing, and the formation of cracks caused by freezing. Also, when large ice bodies are formed locally underground due to the freezing of groundwater, the ice bodies rise to the ground surface, forming domes called pingos and peat hills called palsas. Pingos are particularly common in Alaska, and can reach heights of over 100 meters. When the ice bodies supporting the pingos melt, they collapse, forming depressions called alas. During the glacial period, when the climate was colder than today, periglacial landforms are known to have been widely formed in central Europe, Hokkaido, and other places. [Yugo Ono] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地中温度がつねに0℃以下になっている永久凍土の分布地域にみられる地形。地中温度が頻繁に0℃を上下するために岩石などの凍結破砕が活発に生じる地域。北極を中心とする高緯度地域と、森林限界を越えた高山帯でみられ、植物の生育が妨げられるために、地表面は裸地となっているか、あるいはツンドラ植生とよばれる低木や草本類だけに覆われる。凍結、融解の繰り返しによって岩石は破砕され、壊された岩片は雪融(ど)け水や、水分で過飽和になった表土のソリフラクションsolifluctionとよばれる緩慢な流動によって下方へ運搬される。このため全体としてなだらかな斜面が発達し、凍結による破砕に対して抵抗性の強い岩石だけが、周りから突出する。地表面では、凍結、融解の繰り返しによる土壌物質の移動や、凍結による割れ目の形成によって種々の構造土が発達する。また、地下水の凍結によって、地中で局部的に大きな氷体が形成されると、氷体が地表面を盛り上げピンゴpingoとよばれる円頂丘やパルサpalsasとよばれる泥炭丘が形成される。ピンゴはアラスカでとくに多くみられ、高さ100メートル以上にも達することがある。ピンゴを支えていた氷体が融けると、ピンゴは陥没してアラスalasとよばれる凹地が形成される。気候が現在より寒冷であった氷期には、中部ヨーロッパや北海道などでも、周氷河地形が広くつくられたことが知られている。 [小野有五] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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