A type of modulation. FM is an abbreviation of frequency modulation. It is a modulation method that changes the frequency components of the carrier wave by changing the frequency and strength of the signal current to be transmitted. Radio waves using this modulation method are less affected by amplitude noise when they are subjected to amplitude noise. However, since it occupies a much wider frequency band than amplitude modulation (AM), it is not permitted to be used in the medium wave or short wave bands except in special cases. In the VHF and higher frequency bands, the usable band is wider, and radio waves have a strong straightness, only propagate within a line of sight, and can be made directional, so they are less likely to interfere with other communications, and therefore it is permitted to occupy a wider frequency band. In general, frequency modulation is considered to have better sound quality in radio broadcasts and other media than amplitude modulation, but this is because the frequency band is wider and the modulation index is set higher, not because of the superiority or inferiority of the modulation method. In frequency modulation receivers, the input level of the frequency discriminator needs to be constant, so the input fluctuations are controlled by an amplitude limiter, which gives the listener a sense of stability. When the input level falls below the threshold level, the received sound suddenly becomes loud noise. This level is called the threshold level, and FM communication cannot be established without always maintaining a receiving input level above this level. Also, the fact that this level can be maintained means that the FM line is originally a stable line, so if amplitude modulation is used under the same conditions, it is likely to perform equally well or better. While AM broadcasting can transmit signals with a maximum frequency of 7.5 kHz with an occupied frequency bandwidth of only 15 kHz, FM broadcasting is given an occupied frequency bandwidth of 200 kHz (Article 6, Appendix 2 of the Radio Equipment Regulations), and can only improve the maximum signal frequency to 10 kHz. If AM broadcasting is performed in the same VHF (very high frequency) frequency band (30 MHz to 300 MHz), only 20 kHz is required to transmit signals up to 10 kHz. The FM method can be said to be a modulation system that is no longer in demand for anything other than broadcasting. It is used in some data communications, FM broadcasting, transmission of the audio portion of analog television broadcasting, short-distance radiotelephone for ship communications, and in early satellite communications for telephone and image transmission. In terms of spectrum (branching characteristics), it is very similar to phase-modulated waves, and if the modulation index is the same, it has exactly the same sidebands. And because phase modulation is much more suitable for digital signal processing, its use has shifted to phase modulation since the mid-1970s. [Iwao Ishijima] [Reference] | | |©Shogakukan "> Angle modulation transmitter/receiver configuration Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
変調方式の一種。英語のfrequency modulationを略してFMとよばれている。伝送すべき信号電流の周波数や強弱の変化によって、搬送波の周波数成分に変化を与える変調方式をいう。この変調方式の電波は振幅性の雑音を受けても復調信号に影響を受けることが少ない。しかし、振幅変調(AM)と比較してかなり広い周波数帯幅を占有するから、中波帯や短波帯では特殊な場合を除いて使用が許可されない。超短波以上の周波数帯では使用可能な帯域の幅が広いうえ、電波の直進性が強く、見通しできる範囲内にしか伝搬しないこと、指向性をもたせることができることなどの性質から、他の通信に妨害を与えることが少ないために、広い周波数帯幅の占有が許される。一般に周波数変調は振幅変調と比較してラジオ放送などで音質が優れていると考えられているが、これは周波数帯幅を広くして、変調指数を高く設定しているためであって、変調方式による優劣ではない。周波数変調の受信機では周波数弁別器の入力レベルを一定にする必要から、入力の変動を振幅制限器で制御しており、この働きが聴取者に安定感を与えるのである。入力レベルが、この一定値を維持できない値を下回ると、受信音は一転して大きな雑音となる。このレベルを敷居値threshold levelといい、FM通信は、つねにこれ以上の受信入力を維持しなければ成立しない。また、これを維持できるということは、FMを使う回線がもともと安定な回線なので、振幅変調を同じ条件で使用すれば、おそらく同等以上の成績を示すと考えられる。AM放送ではわずか15キロヘルツの占有周波数帯幅で最高周波数7.5キロヘルツの信号が伝送できるのに対して、FM放送では200キロヘルツもの占有周波数帯幅を与えられて(無線設備規則6条、別表第2号)、信号の最高周波数を10キロヘルツまでに改善できるにすぎない。もし同じVHF(超短波)の周波数帯(30メガヘルツ~300メガヘルツ)でAM放送を行えば、10キロヘルツまでの信号を伝送するのには、たった20キロヘルツの占有で足りる。FM方式は、放送以外にはあまり需要がなくなってきた変調システムといえる。一部のデータ通信や、FM放送、アナログテレビ放送の音声部の伝送、船舶通信での近距離の無線電話に使用されているほか、初期の衛星通信において電話や画像の伝送に使用された。スペクトラム(分波特性)のうえでは位相変調波と酷似しており、変調指数が同じならばまったく同じ側波帯をもつ。そして位相変調のほうがデジタル信号の処理に、はるかに適合するために1970年代中期以降は位相変調のほうに利用が移っている。 [石島 巖] [参照項目] | | |©Shogakukan"> 角度変調による送受信機の構成 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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