Twelve Links - Twelve Links

Japanese: 十二因縁 - じゅうにいんねん
Twelve Links - Twelve Links

The extremely important idea of ​​Buddhism, the so-called idea of ​​dependent origination, does not recognize any independent substance in anything, but rather means that everything exists due to the dependencies on other things. Among the various theories of dependent origination that consider the nature of our existence, the most complete and early one is the Twelve Linked Causes (also called the Twelve Dependent Origination), which establishes the following twelve elements:

(1) Ignorance (avidyā): The inherent ignorance that humans possess and the cause of delusion.

(2) Action (saskāra): Totally latent activity.

(3) Consciousness (vijñāna): The faculty of discrimination and recognition.

(4) Name and Form (nāma-rūpa): Name is the name, and form is the object in general.

(5) Six Senses (śad-āyatana): The six sense organs are eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind.

(6) Touch (sparśa): Contact with an object.

(7) Reception (vedanā): acceptance of the object.

(8) Love (tā): Devotion, desire, and obsession with an object.

(9) Attachment (upādāna): Attachment or craving for an object.

(10) Being (bhava).

(11) Birth (jāti).

(12) Old age and death (jarā-maraa): To grow old and die.

Starting from what is the suffering of life and what causes it, one goes back through the above sequence from (12) to finally arrive at ignorance. Then, by correctly realizing this, enlightenment arises and ignorance is destroyed. Then, one descends again to the previous sequence, each one being destroyed, until finally one reaches enlightenment, which destroys suffering, or liberation. In Hinayana Buddhism, the twelve causal links are interpreted in terms of time, with (1) and (2) as the causes of past lives, (3) to (7) as the results of the present life, (8) to (10) as the causes of the present life, and (11) and (12) as the results of future lives, and a double causal relationship is interpreted over three lives, with further detailed explanations added. In Mahayana Buddhism, the theory of dependent origination is deepened to include all interdependent relationships, but this theory of the twelve causal links still persists.

[Mitsunori Saegusa]

"The Establishment of the Twelve Links and the Origin of the Buddha" by Hiroaki Hashiura (1998, Kaisando Publishing)

[References] | Origins | Buddhism | Ignorance

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

仏教のきわめて重要な、いわゆる縁起思想は、いっさいのものに独立の実体を認めず、それらが他のものに縁(よ)って成立していることを意味するが、われわれの存在のあり方について考察した諸縁起説のうち、初期の段階でもっとも完備したものが、十二因縁(十二縁起ともいう)であり、次の十二支をたてる。

(1)無明(むみょう)(アビドヤーavidyā) 人間が本来もっている無知で迷いの原因。

(2)行(ぎょう)(サンスカーラsaskāra) いっさいに潜在的な能動性。

(3)識(しき)(ビジュニャーナvijñāna) 識別し認識する働き。

(4)名色(みょうしき)(ナーマ・ルーパnāma-rūpa) 名は名称、色は対象一般。

(5)六入(ろくにゅう)(シャド・アーヤタナa-āyatana) 眼(げん)・耳(に)・鼻(び)・舌(ぜつ)・身(しん)・意(い)(心)の六つの感覚器官。

(6)触(そく)(スパルシャsparśa) 対象との接触。

(7)受(じゅ)(ベーダナーvedanā) 対象の受容。

(8)愛(あい)(トルシュナーtā) 対象への傾倒・欲望・とらわれ。

(9)取(しゅ)(ウパーダーナupādāna) 対象への執着・むさぼり。

(10)有(う)(ブハバbhava) 生存。

(11)生(しょう)(ジャーティjāti) 誕生。

(12)老死(ろうし)(ジャラー・マラナjarā-maraa) 老い死ぬこと。

 人生の苦は何か、何によって苦が生ずるか、ということから出発して、前記の系列を(12)からさかのぼり、最後に無明に到(いた)る。そしてそれを正しく自覚することによって明(みょう)が生じ、無明が滅ぶ。それがふたたび先の順序に下りつつ、それぞれが滅び、ついに苦を滅ぼす悟り、すなわち解脱(げだつ)に達する、と説く。部派仏教では、この十二因縁を時間的に解釈し、(1)(2)は過去世の因、(3)~(7)は現在世の果、(8)~(10)は現在世の因、(11)(12)は未来世の果と、三世にわたって二重の因果が重なっていると解し、そのうえにさらに詳しい説明を加える。大乗仏教では、いっさいの相依関係に深化して縁起を説くが、この十二支因縁説はやはり存続した。

[三枝充悳]

『橋浦寛照著『十二縁起の成立と仏陀の縁起』(1998・開山堂出版)』

[参照項目] | 縁起 | 仏教 | 無明

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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