Memorization - Anki

Japanese: 暗記 - あんき
Memorization - Anki

Synonymous with mechanical memory, mechanical learning, and rote learning. In contrast to logical memory, which is memorizing things logically according to the structure and meaning of the material being memorized, rote learning refers to a method of memorizing material by simply reciting it. Rote learning is a method of memorization prominent in children up to about age 10, and transitions to logical memory as people get older. Even if adults intend to memorize, their memories are often constructed within the framework of knowledge they already have, and so naturally this becomes a logical memory.

The first experimental psychological study of memorization was by Ebbinghaus, who had subjects recite meaningless spellings as memorization material, and then after a certain period of time had passed, examined the amount of memory retention through procedures such as recall, recognition, and relearning. He illustrated the change in retention over time, and clarified that after one hour, about half of the material was lost, and thereafter the loss proceeded slowly with negative acceleration.

The greater the amount of memorization material, the more difficult it is to memorize, but even with the same amount of material, it is easier to memorize something that is orderly and has distinctive features, while it is more difficult to memorize something that is disorderly and has similar things overlapping. Meaningful material is easier to memorize than meaningless material, but the degree of meaningfulness depends on the degree of familiarity. Even with the same memorization material, the method of memorization can have an effect. When memorizing something repeatedly and multiple times, the difference lies in whether you concentrate on it all at once or disperse it and memorize it in small chunks, with the latter being generally more advantageous, but it also depends on whether you memorize the material as a whole or in parts, with the former being advantageous with meaningful material. When memorizing material in a set series without changing the order, the difference also depends on the position in the series, with the two ends of the series being easier and the closer to the center being more difficult.

Furthermore, research to date has revealed that differences also depend on the method of retrieval and the content of the experience between the time of memorization and the time of retrieval.

[Takashi Ogawa]

[Reference] | Remember | Memory

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

機械的記憶mechanical memory、機械的学習、暗記学習rote learningと同義。記銘材料の構造や意味に従って論理的に記憶する論理的記憶logical memoryに対していわれ、材料をただ暗唱して記憶する仕方を意味する。暗記は10歳ごろまでの児童期に著しい記憶の仕方で、年齢が進むにしたがって論理的記憶に移行する。成人の記憶は、暗記を意図しても、すでにもっている知識の枠組みのなかで構成されることが多く、自然に論理的記憶となっている。

 暗記の実験心理学的研究は、エビングハウスが、無意味綴(つづ)りを記銘材料として暗唱させ、一定時間の経過後、再生、再認、再学習などの手続で記憶の把持量を調べたのが嚆矢(こうし)である。彼は時間経過による把持量の変化を図示し、1時間後に材料の約半分が失われ、その後は負の加速度をもって緩やかに失われることを明らかにした。

 記銘材料の分量が多いほど暗記は困難であるが、同じ分量でも、秩序があって、そのなかで際だって特徴のあるものは暗記しやすく、無秩序で、類似したものが重なっている場合には暗記しにくい。有意味の材料は無意味の材料より暗記しやすいが、有意味のものは熟知の程度に左右される。記銘材料が同じでも暗記の仕方によって影響を受ける。多数回、反復、暗記する場合には、一度に集中して行うか、分散してくぎって行うかで異なり、一般には後者が有利であるが、材料を全体としてまとめて暗記するか、部分に分けて暗記するかによって異なり、有意味材料では前者が有利である。材料を順序を変えずに一定の系列で暗記する場合には、系列の位置によっても異なり、系列の両端はやさしく、中心に近いほどむずかしい。

 なお、想起の仕方や、記銘時から想起時までの経験内容の差によっても異なることなどが、現在までの研究で明らかにされている。

[小川 隆]

[参照項目] | 覚える | 記憶

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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