Work regulations - work regulations

Japanese: 就業規則 - しゅうぎょうきそく
Work regulations - work regulations

These are management rules that stipulate the working conditions and service discipline of workers in factories, stores, and other business establishments. Modern business entities employ a large number of workers, so it is necessary to maintain a certain level of order and to impose discipline and sanctions to ensure this. It is also more convenient to set working conditions uniformly and uniformly, rather than setting them for each worker individually. Work regulations are what meet these demands.

[Mikio Yoshida]

History and legal character

Such work rules can be found in every country, but in Japan, before the Second World War, due to the pre-modern nature of labor-management relations, work rules were not only determined unilaterally by employers, but also had a strong character of regulating workers. However, there were no legal restrictions on this at first. The first legal restrictions on work rules were imposed by the Factory Act Enforcement Order (1926) and the Factory Act Enforcement Regulations (1926). However, the obligation to create work rules was limited to factories employing 50 or more regular workers, there were no sanctions for violations of this obligation, and there was no procedure for listening to the opinions of workers.

After the Second World War, the Labor Standards Act was enacted (1947) with the aim of guaranteeing workers working conditions appropriate to their status as human beings, and new regulations were added to work rules. According to the Labor Standards Act, employers who regularly employ 10 or more workers are required to create work rules (Article 89, Paragraph 1). "Regularly" means as a regular state, and the employer is required to create work rules even if the number of workers is temporarily less than 10. In addition, part-timers and contract employees are also included in the calculation if they are employed regularly. However, separate work rules can be established for part-timers and fixed-term employees, and in that case, there is an obligation to make an effort to hear the opinions of the majority representatives of part-timers and fixed-term employees (Article 7 of the Part-Time and Fixed-Term Employment Labor Act). In addition, there is a dispute over the interpretation of the unit of creation and the calculation of the number of employees, but from the perspective of worker protection, the unit of creation should be considered to be the workplace, and the number of employees should be calculated on a company basis. Therefore, even if each workplace has less than 10 employees, the employer is required to create work rules if the company has more than 10 employees overall. If this is not considered, in the case of chain stores, etc., worker protection will be lacking.

[Mikio Yoshida]

Creating and changing work rules

Hearings and filings

When creating or amending work rules, the employer must hear the opinions of the labor union that represents the majority of the workers at the workplace, or, if there is no such union, a representative of the majority of the workers, and submit a written report of the opinions to the administrative agency (the Chief of the Labor Standards Inspection Office in charge) (Article 89, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act). Unlike the prewar law, the current law is a step forward in that it includes a procedure for hearing the opinions of the workers, but since even if the workers' opinions are opposed, it does not affect the validity of the work rules, it has limitations in that it is essentially no different from the unilateral creation of the rules by the employer. However, if there is no hearing of opinions, no report, or the attachment of a written opinion from the workers, the work rules should be considered invalid.

[Mikio Yoshida]

Details

When creating work rules, Article 89, paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act lists the following as the items that must be included: (1) starting and finishing times, break times, holidays, vacations, and shift shifts, (2) methods for determining, calculating, and paying wages, the deadline for wages and the timing of payment, and matters related to salary increases, and (3) matters related to retirement (the above are called "absolutely necessary items"). In addition, the following items must be included in the work rules if any provisions are to be made: (1) retirement allowances and other allowances, bonuses, and minimum wages, (2) matters related to food expenses, work supplies, and other matters to be borne by workers, (3) matters related to safety and hygiene, (4) matters related to vocational training, (5) matters related to accident compensation and assistance for injuries and illnesses not related to work, (6) matters related to awards, types and degrees of sanctions, and (7) other matters that apply to all workers at the workplace (the above are called "relatively necessary items"). In addition, if the work rules stipulate a wage cut penalty, the amount of the wage cut in any one instance must not exceed half of the average daily wage, and the total amount must not exceed one-tenth of the total wages for one wage payment period (Labor Standards Act, Article 91).

[Mikio Yoshida]

Obligation to inform

An employer must present the work rules to an employee when concluding a labor contract (Labor Standards Act, Article 15, Paragraph 1), and must also make the rules known to employees by posting them in a conspicuous place at all times in each workplace (Article 106, Paragraph 1 of the same Act).

[Mikio Yoshida]

Changes to work regulations

Work rules must not violate laws, regulations or labor agreements, and if they conflict with them, administrative authorities may order changes (Labor Standards Act, Article 92). In addition, labor contracts that stipulate working conditions that do not meet the standards of the work rules are invalid in that part, and the invalid parts are governed by the standards of the work rules (Labor Standards Act, Article 93; Labor Contract Act, Article 12). In view of the relative effectiveness of laws, labor agreements, work rules, and labor contracts, in order to overcome the limitations of work rules and improve working conditions, it is necessary to conclude a labor agreement through a labor union. In addition, if the work rules are changed to something disadvantageous to the worker, the effect will be binding on the worker if the changed work rules are made known to the worker and the change is reasonable in light of the degree of disadvantage suffered by the worker and other factors (Labor Contract Act, Article 10).

[Mikio Yoshida]

"The Theory and Practice of Work Rules by Tadashi Hanami and Yoshiro Fukase (1980, Japan Labor Association)""The Theory of Work Rules by Inajiro Numata (1964, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)"

[Reference] | Labor Standards Act | Labor Agreement

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

工場や商店その他の事業場で労働者の労働条件や服務規律などを定めた経営の規則のこと。近代的な経営体では多数の労働者が就業するため、そこに一定の秩序の維持とそれを確保するための規律および制裁が必要となる。また個別に労働者の労働条件を定めるより、統一的・画一的に定めたほうが便利でもある。こうした要請にこたえるものが就業規則である。

[吉田美喜夫]

歴史と法的性格

このような就業規則はどこの国においてもみられるが、日本についていうと、第二次世界大戦前においては、労使関係が前近代的性格を帯びていたこともあって、就業規則は使用者が一方的に定めていただけではなく、労働者の取締規定的性格が強かった。しかし、当初これに対する法的規制は存在しなかった。就業規則に対して初めて法的規制が加えられたのは工場法施行令(1926)、工場法施行規則(1926)によってであった。しかし、作成義務は50人以上の常用工を雇用する工場に限定されていたし、この義務違反には制裁もなく、さらに労働者の意見を聴取する手続もなかった。

 第二次世界大戦後、労働者に対して人たるにふさわしい労働条件を保障することを理念とする労働基準法が制定され(1947)、就業規則に対して新たな規制が加えられることになった。労働基準法によれば、常時10人以上の労働者を使用する使用者に就業規則の作成を義務づけている(89条1項)。「常時」とは常態としてという意味であり、一時的に10人未満になることがあっても作成義務がある。また、パートタイマーや契約社員なども常時使用されていれば含めて計算される。ただし、パートタイマーや有期雇用労働者などについて別個に就業規則を定めることもでき、その場合、パートタイマーや有期雇用労働者の過半数代表者の意見を聞く努力義務がある(パートタイム・有期雇用労働法7条)。また、作成単位と人数計算の解釈には争いがあるが、労働者保護の観点からみて、作成単位は事業場ごと、人数計算は企業単位と考えるべきである。したがって、各事業場ごとでは10人未満でも企業全体で10人以上であれば作成義務はある。そう考えないと、チェーン店などの場合、労働者保護に欠けることになるからである。

[吉田美喜夫]

就業規則の作成・変更

意見聴取と届出

就業規則を作成する場合、またそれを変更する場合にも、使用者は当該事業場の労働者の過半数を組織する労働組合か、これがない場合には過半数労働者の代表者の意見を聴き、これを記載した書面を添付して行政官庁(所轄の労働基準監督署長)に届け出なければならない(労働基準法89条1項)。現行法は、戦前と違い、労働者側の意見聴取という手続を介在させる点で一歩前進しているが、労働者側の意見が反対意見であっても就業規則の効力になんら影響しないのであるから、実質的には使用者の一方的作成と異ならないという限界がある。しかし、意見聴取や届出、あるいは労働者側の意見書の添付を欠く場合などは、その就業規則は無効と考えるべきである。

[吉田美喜夫]

記載事項

就業規則を作成する場合、労働基準法第89条第1項は、まず、かならず記載しなければならない事項として、(1)始業・終業時刻、休憩時間、休日、休暇、交替制の場合の就業時転換に関する事項、(2)賃金の決定、計算、支払いの方法、賃金の締切りおよび支払いの時期、昇給に関する事項、(3)退職に関する事項(以上を絶対的必要記載事項という)をあげている。さらに、なんらかの定めをする場合には就業規則に記載しなければならない事項として、(1)退職手当その他の手当、賞与、最低賃金額、(2)労働者に負担させる食費、作業用品その他に関する事項、(3)安全、衛生に関する事項、(4)職業訓練に関する事項、(5)災害補償、業務外の傷病扶助に関する事項、(6)表彰、制裁の種類、程度に関する事項、(7)その他当該事業場の全労働者に適用される事項(以上を相対的必要記載事項という)をあげている。なお、就業規則で減給制裁を定める場合には、その減給は1回の額が平均賃金の1日分の半額を超え、総額が一賃金支払期における賃金総額の10分の1を超えてはならないことになっている(労働基準法91条)。

[吉田美喜夫]

周知義務

使用者は労働契約の締結の際に労働者に対して就業規則を提示しなければならず(労働基準法15条1項)、また常時各作業場の見やすい場所に掲示するなどして労働者に周知させなければならない(同法106条1項)。

[吉田美喜夫]

就業規則の変更

就業規則は法令または労働協約に反してはならず、それらに抵触する場合、行政官庁は変更を命じうる(労働基準法92条)。また、就業規則の基準に達しない労働条件を定めている労働契約は、その部分について無効であり、無効の部分は就業規則の基準による(同法93条、労働契約法12条)。このような法令、労働協約、就業規則、労働契約の効力の優劣関係からすると、就業規則の限界を克服し、労働条件を改善するためには労働組合を通じ労働協約を締結する必要がある。なお、就業規則を不利益に変更した場合の効力については、変更後の就業規則を労働者に周知させ、かつ当該変更が労働者の受ける不利益の程度その他からみて合理的なものであれば、労働者を拘束する(労働契約法10条)。

[吉田美喜夫]

『花見忠・深瀬義郎著『就業規則の法理と実務』(1980・日本労働協会)』『沼田稲次郎著『就業規則論』(1964・東洋経済新報社)』

[参照項目] | 労働基準法 | 労働協約

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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