Extensive air shower

Japanese: 空気シャワー - くうきシャワー(英語表記)extensive air shower
Extensive air shower
A phenomenon in which ultra-high energy primary cosmic rays enter the atmosphere, producing numerous electrons, positrons, photons, protons, neutrons, pions, and muons, which then spread over a range of several hundred meters and reach the ground. It is also called a large air shower. Primary cosmic rays containing protons and heavy nuclei collide with nitrogen and oxygen nuclei in the atmosphere, producing protons, neutrons, and pions through a nuclear cascade process. One-third of the pions are neutral and immediately decay into two photons, becoming the source of the cascade shower. Charged pions decay into muons. Most of the particles in an air shower are electrons, positrons, and photons, with about 1% being muons, and even fewer protons, neutrons, and pions. On the ground, air showers with about 10,000 particles spread over a radius of about 20 m. The more particles there are, the less frequently they occur, but air showers with primary cosmic rays with energies reaching 10 20 eV have been observed.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
超高エネルギーの一次宇宙線が大気に入射して多数の電子,陽電子,光子,陽子,中性子,π中間子,μ粒子をつくり,数百mの範囲に広がって地上に達する現象。大空気シャワーともいう。陽子や重い核を含む一次宇宙線が大気上空の窒素や酸素の原子核と衝突し,核カスケード過程によって陽子,中性子,π中間子をつくる。π中間子の 1/3 は中性で,ただちに2個の光子に崩壊し,カスケードシャワーの源となる。荷電π中間子は崩壊してμ粒子となる。空気シャワー中の粒子の大部分は電子,陽電子,光子であり,1%程度がμ粒子で,陽子,中性子,π中間子はさらに少い。地上では粒子数1万程度のものは半径 20m程度に広がる。粒子数の多い空気シャワーほど起る回数は急速に少くなるが,1020eV に達するエネルギーの一次宇宙線による空気シャワーが観測されている。

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