A religious movement that developed mainly in France in the 17th and 18th centuries, which sought to put into practice the ideas of Augustine, which placed greater importance on God's grace than on human free will. The name comes from the Dutch theologian Jansen (Jansenius in French). His fellow student, Jean Duvergier de Hauranne (1581-1643), commonly known as Saint-Cyran, was influenced by Jansen and Pierre de Bérulle (1575-1629) and aimed to reform the consciousness of priests and laity based on the ideas of Augustine, but this did not agree with the policies of Prime Minister Richelieu, and he was imprisoned (1638). He was released after Richelieu's death, but he died soon after. The Port-Royal Abbey, which was under the leadership of Saint-Cyran, was also oppressed by the royal authority and the Jesuits, and was eventually destroyed by royal order (1711). When the Holy See issued a ruling in response to the Jesuits' accusation that Jansen's posthumous work, Augustine (1640), contained five heretical propositions, his beloved student Arnaud worked with the hermits of Paul Royal to defend Augustinianism, and Pascal also participated by writing Letters Provinciale (1656-57). This movement, which was originally purely religious, gradually transformed into a political movement in the process of resisting the oppression of Louis's monarchy. It then went into a steady decline, with the 18th century Convulsants, the popular Jansenists, being the last. However, the Jansenist attitude of adhering to traditional faith and the inner freedom of the individual, even in opposition to the absolutist power on earth, is said to have paved the way for modern conscience, and its influence on the fields of thought, literature, and art is immeasurable. [Nishikawa Hiroto] "Jansenism" by L. Cognet, translated by Asakura Tsuyoshi and Kurata Kiyoshi (Hakusuisha, Quessais-jes paperback)" ▽ "The Hidden God, Part 2" by L. Goldman, translated by Yamagata Yorihiro and Nada Tsuyoshi (1973, Shakaishisosha)" ▽ "Pascal and His Times" by Nakamura Yujiro (1965, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Jansenism" by Hasekura Takaharu (included in Lectures on French Literature 5: Thought, 1977, Taishukan Shoten)" ▽ "Pascal's Metaphysics" by E. Moro-Siele, translated by Hirota Masayoshi (1981, Jinbun Shoin)" ▽ "A Study of the Spiritual History of French Jansenism" by Iizuka Katsuhisa (1984, Miraisha) [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
信仰上人間の自由意志よりも神の恩恵を重視するアウグスティヌスの思想を実践しようとして、17、18世紀にフランスを中心に展開された宗教運動。名称は、オランダの神学者ヤンセン(フランス語でジャンセニウス)に由来する。彼の同学の友、通称サン・シランことジャン・デュベルジエ・ド・オランヌJean Duvergier de Hauranne(1581―1643)は、ヤンセンとベリュルPierre de Bérulle(1575―1629)の感化を受けて、アウグスティヌスの思想に基づく司祭と信徒の意識変革を目ざしたが、宰相リシュリューの方針と相いれず、投獄され(1638)、リシュリューの没後に釈放されたが、まもなく他界。またサン・シランの指導下にあったポール・ロアイヤル修道院も王権とイエズス会から弾圧され、ついには王命により破壊された(1711)。彼の愛(まな)弟子アルノーは、ヤンセンの遺著『アウグスティヌス』(1640)に異端の五命題ありとするイエズス会士の告発に応じる教皇庁の裁定が出た際、ポール・ロアイヤルの隠士たちと協力してアウグスティヌス主義を擁護すべく論陣を張り、パスカルも『プロバンシアル書簡』(1656~57)を書いて参加した。当初純粋に宗教的であったこの運動も、ルイ王権による弾圧に抵抗する過程でしだいに政治的運動へと変質した。そして18世紀の民衆のジャンセニストである痙攣(けいれん)派を最後に、退潮の一途をたどる。しかし、地上の絶対主義権力に対抗してまで、伝統的な信仰と個人の内面の自由とに固執したジャンセニストの態度は、近代的良心への道を準備したともいわれ、思想、文学、芸術の各領域に及ぼした影響は計り知れないものがある。 [西川宏人] 『L・コニェ著、朝倉剛・倉田清訳『ジャンセニスム』(白水社・文庫クセジュ)』▽『L・ゴルドマン著、山形頼洋・名田丈夫訳『隠れたる神 下』(1973・社会思想社)』▽『中村雄二郎著『パスカルとその時代』(1965・東京大学出版会)』▽『支倉崇晴著「ジャンセニスム」(『フランス文学講座5 思想』所収・1977・大修館書店)』▽『E・モロ・シール著、広田昌義訳『パスカルの形而上学』(1981・人文書院)』▽『飯塚勝久著『フランス・ジャンセニスムの精神史的研究』(1984・未来社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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