French playwright and poet. Heavily influenced by Symbolism, especially Mallarmé, he made his literary debut with the collection of poems "Memoirs of an Hourglass" (1894). This work also included works that inherited the aesthetics of Lautréamont, which led to Surrealism. In 1896, he published "King Ubu" at the staging theater of Lugnié Pau, a leading figure in Symbolist theater. The protagonist Ubu, who embodies human stupidity, baseness, and absurd violence and invites destructive laughter, causes a scandal. From then on, Jarry transformed into Ubu in real life as well, becoming a literary archetype whose very life becomes a work of art. Today, "King Ubu" is considered the origin of absurdist theater, and Jarry, who challenged bourgeois tranquility by spending his days with guns, bicycles, and absinthe, has come to be considered a pioneering Surrealist. "Pataphysics," as defined in The Sayings and Deeds of Dr. Forstroll (1911, published posthumously), encapsulates the spirit of Surrealism: the study of the exception, the search for imaginative solutions, and the identification of opposites. Other works he produced include the autobiographical novel "Days and Nights" (1897), the poetic novel "Amor Absolute" (1899), the twin novels "Messalina" (1901) and "Super-Masculine" (1902), both of which have extraordinary protagonists, and the "Ubu in Chains" (1900), a series of Ubu novels. He had a keen eye for art, and discovered the artistic talent of Henri Rousseau. He died of illness at the age of 34, suffering from alcoholism and poverty. [Akiko Osaki] "The Super-Masculine, translated by Tatsuhiko Shibusawa (1975, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Alfred Jarry, by J.H. Levesque, translated by Akiko Miyagawa (1969, Shichosha)" [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの劇作家、詩人。象徴主義(サンボリスム)、とくにマラルメの影響を強く受け、詩集『砂時計覚え書』(1894)で文壇にデビュー。これはまた早くもロートレアモンの美学を受け継いだ作品を含み、シュルレアリスムにつながる。1896年象徴主義演劇の旗頭であったリュニェ・ポーの制作座で戯曲『ユビュ王』を発表。人間の愚かしさと卑しさ、不条理な暴力を体現し、破壊的な笑いを誘う主人公ユビュは、スキャンダルを巻き起こす。以後実生活でもユビュと化して生きたジャリは、生きることが作品となるような一つの文学的典型となった。『ユビュ王』は今日、不条理演劇の源流とみなされ、拳銃(けんじゅう)と自転車とアブサン酒に明け暮れ、ブルジョア的平穏に挑戦したジャリは先駆的シュルレアリストとされるに至った。『フォーストロール博士の言行録』(1911、死後刊)で定義された「パタフィジック」は例外を研究し、想像力による解決を求め、相反するものの同一を唱えて、シュルレアリスムの精神を一語に要約している。 作品はほかに自伝的小説『日々と夜々』(1897)、詩的小説『絶対の愛』(1899)、並はずれた存在を主人公とする対の小説『メッサリーナ』(1901)と『超男性』(1902)、ユビュ連作の『鎖につながれたユビュ』(1900)などがある。絵画をみる目に優れ、アンリ・ルソーの画才をみいだした。アルコール中毒と貧窮のなかに、34歳で病死した。 [大崎明子] 『渋澤龍彦訳『超男性』(1975・白水社)』▽『J・H・レヴェスク著、宮川明子訳『アルフレッド・ジャリ』(1969・思潮社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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