Shakubuku -

A method of teaching in Buddhism. The opposite of Shoju. There are two methods of teaching sentient beings: Shoju and Shakubuku. Shakubuku is a method of pointing out the other person's evil, making them submit, and leading them to righteous faith. Shoju is a method of accepting the other person's good, controlling them, and gradually guiding them from shallow to deep. The origin of these two gates of Shoshaku can be found in the Ten Chapters of the Sri Lankan Sutra. Zhiyi of Tiantai from the Sui dynasty in China wrote in the second part of Maha Shimoda (Mahasmita-Contemplation), "There are two theories in Buddhism. One is acceptance, and the other is rejection. When the Anrakugyo (Chapter) says that one should not judge whether one is long or short, this is the acceptance meaning. When the Mahāmaṇirāna-sutra says that one should hold a sword and a staff or even behead one, this is the rejection meaning." He compared the rituals (methods of teaching) of the two sutras, the Lotus Sutra is about preaching and so is acceptance, while Nirvana is about refutation by force, and so is rejection. In addition, in the ninth chapter of the "Hokke Gengi," it is written that "The Lotus Sutra is shakubuku, and destroys the theory of the sect of the provisional school...Nirvana is acceptance, and further allows the provisional school," and by comparing the doctrines of the two sutras, contrary to the theory mentioned above, it judges the pure and perfect Lotus Sutra to be shakubuku, and the miscellaneous and perfect Nirvana to be acceptance. In addition, the commentary on the Fukyohon chapter in the "Hokke Mongu-ki" by the Sixth Patriarch Tannen gives ten reasons why, among the Lotus Sutra, the Anrakugyo chapter 14 is acceptance, and the Jofukyobosatsu chapter 20 is shakubuku.

Nichiren wrote in the second part of the Kaimoku-sho, "When the land is filled with ignorant and evil people, acceptance comes first. As in the Anrakugyo chapter. When there are many people with evil wisdom and slander of the Law, shakubuku comes first. As in the Jofu-kyou chapter," and preached that since Japan in the Latter Day of the Law is a country of evil wisdom and slander of the Law, shakubuku should be used. Nichiren's famous four maxims in criticizing other sects, namely Nembutsu Mugen (Nenbutsu will lead to hell), Zen Tenma (Zen is the act of the heavenly devil), Shingon Boukoku (Shingon will destroy the country), and Ritsu Kokoku (Ritsū is a traitor to the country), are one expression of this.

[Endo Asai]

"What is Shakubuku?" by Tanaka Chigaku (1968, Shinsekaisha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

仏教における教化法。摂受(しょうじゅ)の対語。衆生(しゅじょう)教化の方法に摂受、折伏の2種があり、折伏は相手の悪を指摘し屈伏させて正信に導き入れる方法、摂受は相手の善を受け入れ、摂(おさ)めとって、徐々に浅から深へと導いていく方法。『勝鬘経(しょうまんぎょう)』十受章にこの摂折(しょうしゃく)二門の原拠がある。中国隋(ずい)代の天台智顗(ちぎ)は『摩訶止観(まかしかん)』10下において「夫(そ)れ仏法に両説あり。一に摂、二に折。安楽行(あんらくぎょう)（品(ほん)）に不称長短といふは是(こ)れ摂義なり。大（般涅槃(はつねはん)）経に執持刀杖乃至斬首(しゅうじとうじょうないしざんしゅ)といふは是れ折義なり」と述べ、両経の化儀(けぎ)（教化の方法）を相対して、法華(ほっけ)は言説布教であるから摂受、涅槃は武力による破折のゆえに折伏とする。また『法華玄義』九上に「法華は折伏、権門(ごんもん)の理を破す……涅槃は摂受、更(さら)に権門を許す」とあり、両経の教理を相対して、前述の説とは逆に、純円の法華を折、雑円の涅槃を摂と判じている。また六祖湛然(たんねん)の『法華文句記(もんぐき)』の不軽品(ふきょうほん)釈は、法華のなかでも安楽行品14は摂受、常不軽菩薩品(じょうふきょうぼさつほん)20は折伏である理由10をあげる。

　日蓮(にちれん)は『開目抄』下で「無智悪人の国土に充満の時は摂受を前とす。安楽行品のごとし。邪智謗法(ほうぼう)の者多き時は折伏を前とす。常不軽品のごとし」と述べて、末法の世の日本国は邪智謗法の国であるから、折伏を用いよと説いた。日蓮が他宗を責めた有名な四箇格言(しかかくげん)、すなわち念仏無間(むげん)（念仏は無間地獄に落ちるもの）、禅天魔（禅は天魔の行為）、真言亡国（真言は国を滅ぼすもの）、律国賊（律宗は国賊）はその一表現である。

［浅井円道］

『田中智学著『折伏とはなにか』（1968・真世界社）』

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