Based on the Bar Examination Law (Law No. 140 of 1949), this is a national examination aimed at assessing the necessary knowledge and ability to apply it for those who wish to become judges, prosecutors, or lawyers (the three legal professions). It has been held since 1949 (Showa 24). Prior to that, the Higher Examination for the Bar had been held since 1918 (Taisho 7). The bar exam is considered the most difficult of the national exams, and the number of successful candidates gradually increased from 499 in 1990 (Heisei 2) to 1,464 in 2005, but the pass rate remained at the 2-3% level. The Judicial System Reform Council's opinion in 2001 proposed a significant increase in the legal population, aiming for around 3,000 successful candidates by 2010, and in this context, law schools were established in 2004. A new bar exam has been in place since 2006, open to those who have completed law schools. The new bar exam maintains the characteristic of imposing the same test on those seeking to enter the three legal professions, but compared to the previous bar exam, the number of times candidates can take it is limited to three times in a five-year period, and there have been changes to the subjects and the method of administering the exam. The previous bar exam was called the old bar exam, and was administered as a transitional measure until 2011, when it was limited to an oral exam only for those who had passed the second stage written exam the previous year. Meanwhile, a preliminary bar exam was administered in the same year, allowing those who did not attend law school to qualify to take the new bar exam by taking the preliminary exam. The new bar exam is a written exam consisting of multiple choice short-answer and essay questions. The short-answer exam consists of three subjects: public law (constitutional law and administrative law), civil law (civil law, commercial law, and civil procedure law), and criminal law (criminal law and criminal procedure law). The essay exam consists of four subjects, including the three short-answer subjects, plus one elective subject from bankruptcy law, tax law, economic law, intellectual property law, labor law, environmental law, international relations law (public law), and international relations law (private law). The oral exam that was in the old bar exam has been abolished. Compared to the old bar exam, the content is more related to practical matters. The original concept was that most law school graduates would be able to pass the exam, but as a result of the establishment of more law schools than expected, the pass rate in the first year of 2006 was 48.3%. The pass rate continued to decline, and in 2010 it was 25.4%, with 2,074 successful candidates, below the initial target. In the same year, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology announced its intention to reduce subsidies to law schools, which had low entrance exam competition rates and low bar exam pass rates. [Ida Kanako] The New Bar Examination was renamed the "Bar Examination" in 2013. In addition, a partial amendment to the Bar Examination Act that came into effect in October 2014 abolished the limit on the number of times that candidates could take the exam within the exam period, allowing them to take the exam five times within a five-year period. [Editorial Department] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
司法試験法(昭和24年法律第140号)に基づき、裁判官、検察官または弁護士(法曹三者)になろうとする者に必要な学識およびその応用能力を判定することを目的とする国家試験。1949年(昭和24)より実施されている。それ以前は高等試験司法科試験が1918年(大正7)以来行われていた。 司法試験は国家試験の最難関とされ、合格者数は1990年度(平成2)の499人から徐々に増え2005年度には1464人になったが、合格率は2~3%台で推移していた。2001年の司法制度改革審議会意見書は司法試験合格者を2010年に3000人程度にするなど法曹人口の大幅な増加を打ち出し、この流れのなか、2004年に法科大学院が創設された。2006年から法科大学院修了者を受験対象とする新司法試験が実施されている。 新司法試験も法曹三者になろうとする者に同一試験を課す特徴は維持しているが、これまでの司法試験と比べると、受験回数が5年間に3回に制限され、受験科目や試験の実施方法などに変化があった。従来の司法試験は旧司法試験との呼称になり、経過措置として2011年まで実施されたが、2011年は前年の第二次試験筆記試験合格者を対象とする口述試験のみとなった。一方、同年から司法試験予備試験が実施され、法科大学院を経由しない者は予備試験により新司法試験の受験資格を得ることができた。 新司法試験は択一式を含む短答式と論文式による筆記試験。短答式試験は公法系(憲法、行政法に関する分野の科目)、民事系(民法、商法、民事訴訟法に関する分野の科目)、刑事系(刑法、刑事訴訟法に関する分野の科目)の3科目。論文式試験は短答式の3科目に加え、選択科目として倒産法、租税法、経済法、知的財産法、労働法、環境法、国際関係法(公法系)、国際関係法(私法系)から1科目の計4科目。旧司法試験にあった口述試験は廃止された。旧司法試験に比べ、より実務にかかわりの強い内容となっている。当初の理念では法科大学院修了者のおおかたが合格できる制度を想定していたが、予想を超える数の法科大学院が創設された結果、初年度の2006年の合格率は48.3%であった。合格率はその後も下がり続け、2010年は25.4%、合格者は2074人と当初の目標を下回った。同年文部科学省は入学試験の競争倍率と司法試験の合格率が低迷している法科大学院への補助金を削減する方針を示した。 [井田香奈子] 新司法試験は2013年に「司法試験」に名称変更された。また、2014年10月に施行された司法試験法の一部改正法により、受験期間内に受けることのできる回数の制限が廃止され、5年間で5回受験できるようになった。 [編集部] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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