A method for measuring the mass of atoms and molecules. The mass of a substance of the pico (10^-12) mole range cannot be measured on a balance. It is possible to measure the mass of atoms and molecules by vaporizing them as ions and introducing the ions into an electric or magnetic field. The movement of ions in an electric or magnetic field varies depending on the mass, so the mass can be determined by measuring the acceleration and bending of the ions. This is mass spectrometry. In mass spectrometry, a substance is ionized, and the ions are distinguished and detected using an electric or magnetic field. The appropriate ionization method varies depending on the substance to be analyzed. By measuring the broken down molecular ions, it is also possible to analyze the structure of the original molecule. It is also possible to break down substances present in a sample into atoms and perform elemental and isotopic analysis. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which breaks down substances into atoms in plasma and performs mass analysis, is one of the highly sensitive analytical methods used in biological and environmental analysis. Conversely, ionizing large molecules without breaking them down is also important from the perspective of molecular weight measurement. Koichi Tanaka, who developed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), a method for ionizing biopolymers directly, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002. (Professor Teijiro Ichimura, Tokyo Institute of Technology / 2007) Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo |
原子や分子の質量を測定する方法。ピコ(10^-12)モル程度の物質の質量は天秤で量れない。原子や分子をイオンとして気化し、イオンを電場や磁場中に導入することで測定が可能となる。電場や磁場中でのイオンの運動は質量によって異なるので、イオンの加速や曲がり方などを測定すれば、その質量がわかる。これが質量分析法。質量分析法では物質をイオン化し、電場や磁場を利用してイオンを区別し、イオンを検出する。分析対象となる物質により、適切なイオン化法は異なる。ばらばらになった分子イオンを量ることで、元の分子の構造解析を行うこともできる。また、試料中に存在する物質を原子にまで壊してしまい、元素分析や同位体分析をすることも可能。プラズマ中で原子にまで分解して質量分析を行う誘導結合プラズマ質量分析法(ICP‐MS)は、生体や環境分析で活用される高感度分析法の1つ。逆に大きな分子を壊さないようにイオン化することも分子量測定の観点から重要。生体高分子をそのままイオン化するマトリックス支援レーザー脱離イオン化法(MALDI)を開発した田中耕一は、2002年にノーベル化学賞を受賞した。
(市村禎二郎 東京工業大学教授 / 2007年) 出典 (株)朝日新聞出版発行「知恵蔵」知恵蔵について 情報 |
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