A point-like object with mass. It is a hypothetical object used to simplify the discussion of the dynamics of an object's motion. Real objects have size and shape, so in addition to the change in the object's overall position (→ translational motion), complex rotational motion must also be considered. However, for motions that are very large compared to the size of the object, such as the Earth's revolution around the Sun, we can ignore rotational motion and consider the object as a virtual point mass with all its mass concentrated at the center of gravity. The motion of a point mass can be discussed using Newton's equation of motion (mass) x (acceleration) = (force), so the minimum mechanical characteristic required for an object is only its mass, and a point-like object that ignores size and shape will suffice. If we consider real objects with size to be a collection of point masses (→ point mass system), the motion of the object (including rotational motion) can be discussed using the equation of motion, which is an extension of Newton's equation of motion based on the dynamics of a point mass. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
質量をもつ点状物体。物体の運動の力学を単純化して論じるための仮想的物体である。実際の物体は大きさや形をもつから,その運動には物体全体としての位置の変化 (→並進運動 ) のほかに複雑な回転運動も考えなければならない。しかし,太陽のまわりの地球の公転運動のように,物体の大きさに比べて非常に大きい範囲の運動では,回転運動を無視して,物体を全質量が重心に集中した仮想的な質点とみなして,その運動を考えればよい。質点の運動はニュートンの運動方程式 (質量)×(加速度)=(力) によって論じられるので,物体に必要な最小限の力学的特性は質量だけであって,大きさや形を無視した点状物体でよい。大きさをもつ実在物体を質点の集り (→質点系 ) であるとみなせば,物体の運動 (回転運動を含めて) は,質点の力学を基礎にしニュートンの運動方程式を発展させた運動方程式を用いて論じることができる。
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