A multi-tiered sacred tower attached to a temple, found in ancient cities in Mesopotamia and Elam (western Iran). There are various theories about the definition and time of its establishment of a ziggurat, but the prototype can be found in temples with foundations dating back to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC, such as the temples of Eridu from layer XI onwards, the "Ziggurat of Anu" in Uruk, or the "Oval Temple" in Hafaje, and the basic form is thought to be in the ziggurat of Ur-Nammu, the founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur-Nammu built ziggurats in Ur, Uruk, Nippur, and Eridu, and the most famous of these, the ziggurat of Ur, has a temple dedicated to the chief god Nanna at the top of a three-tiered foundation, with stairs on the front and both sides. A similar structure can also be seen at Dur-Kurigalzu in the Kassite period (late 2nd millennium BC), where a temple was built at the foot of the platform to worship the same god. This indicates the establishment of a religious concept of a higher temple, the residence of the god, and a lower temple, the place for human worship, and had a great influence on the design of ziggurats thereafter. During the Assyrian period (1365-609 BC), ramps were added instead of stairs to ziggurats built in various cities in northern Mesopotamia. The ziggurat of Khorsabad, which is attached to six temples, has only four stories, but it is said that it originally had seven stories, each of which was painted. The ziggurat of Babylon, famous as the Tower of Babel, belongs to the Neo-Babylonian period (625-538 BC). The temple of the chief god Marduk was reached by stairs and ramps, and there are records that this was also painted. In addition, in Elam, a ziggurat for the god Inshushinak with a five-story platform was built in the 13th century BCE at Chogha Zanbil. In the construction of such ziggurat, sun-dried bricks were used for the core, fired bricks for the finish, and bitumen and other materials were used as mortar. The surface was painted with glazed bricks. Ziggurat is linked to the concept of "mountain" in Mesopotamia and has played an important role in the restoration of ancient religious and cosmological views. In particular, the consideration of their names provides many suggestions in addition to archaeological data, such as the name of the ziggurat of Babylon, E-temen-an-ki (House of the Foundations of Heaven and Earth). The Sumerian word for ziggurat is E-u-nir (House of Wonders), and E-pa-e-ub-imin-na (Ziggurat, i.e., the temple of the seven regions), which appears in the Gudea inscription, also evokes a seven-story ziggurat. [Yayoi Yamazaki] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
メソポタミアおよびエラム(イラン西部)の古代都市に設けられた階層状の聖塔で、神殿に付属する。ジッグラトの定義や成立時期に関しては諸説あるが、原型はエリドゥⅪ層以降の神殿、ウルクの「アヌのジッグラト」、あるいはハファジェの「楕円(だえん)神殿」など、紀元前三千年紀前半以前の基壇を有する神殿に求められ、ウル第3王朝の樹立者であるウルナンムのジッグラトにおいてほぼ基本的な形が整うと考えられる。ウルナンムはウル、ウルク、ニップール、エリドゥにジッグラトを建造するが、このうち著名なウルのジッグラトは、3層の基壇頂部に主神ナンナに捧(ささ)げられた神殿を頂き、正面と両側面に階段をもつ構造である。このような形のものは、カッシート時代(前二千年紀後半)のドゥル・クリガルズにもみられるが、ここでは基壇上の神殿と同じ神を祀(まつ)る麓(ふもと)の神殿が建てられている。これは神の居所=高所の神殿と、人間の礼拝のための場所=低所の神殿という宗教概念の確立を示しており、その後のジッグラトの様式に大きな影響を及ぼした。アッシリア時代(前1365~前609)、北メソポタミアの各都市に造営されたジッグラトには、階段のかわりに傾斜路がつけられた。六つの神殿に付属するコルサバードのジッグラトは4層のみ現存するが、当時は7層であり、それぞれに彩色がなされていたという。「バベルの塔」として有名なバビロンのジッグラトは新バビロニア時代(前625~前538)に属する。階段と傾斜路によって主神マルドゥクの神殿へと達する形式であるが、これにも彩色が施されていたとする記録が残っている。このほか、エラムでもチョガ・ザンビルで前13世紀に5層の基壇をもつインシュシナク神のジッグラトが建造されている。このようなジッグラトの築造に際しては、芯(しん)に日干しれんがを、仕上げ積みには焼成れんがを用い、瀝青(れきせい)などをモルタルとして使用した。また、表面の彩色は彩釉(さいゆう)れんがによって行われた。 ところでジッグラトは、メソポタミアにおける「山」の概念と結び付き、古代の宗教観、宇宙観の復原においても重要な役割を果たしてきた。とくにその名称からの考察は、考古学的資料に加えて多くの示唆を与えるもので、バビロンのジッグラトの名称エ・テメン・アン・キé-temen-an-ki(天と地の礎(いしずえ)の家)はその一例である。なお、シュメール語でジッグラトを表す語はエ・ウ・ニルé-u6-nir(驚きの家)で、グデアの碑文に登場するエ・パ・エ・ウブ・イミン・ナé-pa-é-ub-imin-na(ジッグラト、すなわち7地方の神殿)も7層のジッグラトを想起させる呼称である。 [山崎やよい] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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