Spontaneous generation - natural generation

Japanese: 自然発生説 - しぜんはっせいせつ
Spontaneous generation - natural generation

The idea that living things can arise without parents, that is, spontaneously. It is also called the theory of spontaneous generation. For example, the idea that maggots emerge from rotten meat and frogs and mice emerge from damp soil was a common belief among ancient peoples, both in the East and the West. The oldest animal classification system, from India before the Common Era, classifies animals into four types based on the way they are born: those born from the womb, those born from eggs, those born from moisture and heat, and those born from vegetables. This idea was not necessarily a conclusion based on their worldview, but rather a conclusion confirmed by the simple observation that maggots and frogs suddenly appear from meat or soil. Therefore, while people believed in the creation theory by God, the theory of spontaneous generation was also a simple belief and spread widely thereafter. At the same time, there was also the theory of spontaneous generation, which was linked to the vitalistic worldview that the elements of life (germ) are widespread in the world, and that inorganic matter is organized by them to become living things. The many debates over spontaneous generation that have taken place in modern times can be said to have been a conflict between the vitalistic and mechanistic worldviews.

The first experimental refutation of spontaneous generation was made by the Italian Redi in the 17th century. He showed that maggots would not develop if a container containing meat was covered with cloth, and that the appearance of maggots required the laying of eggs by flies. Later, coupled with the discovery of the complex structure of living organisms, the spontaneous generation of higher organisms became unbelievable. However, around that time, Leeuwenhoek confirmed the existence of microorganisms, and in the 18th century, the issue shifted to the spontaneous generation of microorganisms. This debate continued until the second half of the 19th century, when Pasteur, through his ingenious experiments, proved that the spontaneous generation of microorganisms was nothing more than the invasion and reproduction of spores from the air.

In this way, the theory of spontaneous generation has been completely rejected, but the spontaneous generation of life as a stage in the development of the Earth has not been rejected.

[Tetsuyuki Ueda]

"Considerations on the Theory of Spontaneous Generation" by Pasteur, translated by Seizaburo Yamaguchi (Iwanami Bunko)

[Reference] | Origin of life

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物が親なしにも生じうる、いわば自然にわいて出ることが可能であるという考え。偶然発生説ともいう。たとえば、腐った肉からウジがわき、湿った土からカエルやネズミが生じるということは、洋の東西を問わず古代の人々の通念であり、最古の動物分類大系といわれる紀元前のインドのそれは、動物を、子宮から生まれるもの、卵から生まれるもの、湿気と熱から生まれるもの、野菜から生まれるもの、というように、その発生の仕方で四つに分類している。このような考えは、かならずしも彼らの世界観からの結論ではなく、ウジやカエルが突然肉や土中から現れてくるという、むしろ素朴な観察から確認された結論といえる。それゆえ、神による創造説を信じながら、自然発生説もまた素朴な信念として、その後も広く行き渡っていた。それと同時に、この世界には生命の要素(胚種(はいしゅ))が広がっており、それによって無機物が組織されて生物になるという生気論的世界観と結び付いた自然発生説も存在した。近代に入って何度も行われた自然発生説をめぐる論争は、この生気論的世界観と機械論的世界観の対立であったといえる。

 自然発生説に対する最初の実験的否定は、17世紀にイタリアのレーディによってなされた。彼は、肉を入れた容器を布で覆っておけばウジが発生しないことを示し、ウジの出現にはハエが卵を産み付ける必要があることを示した。その後、生物の複雑な構造が明らかにされたこととも相まって、高等生物の自然発生は信じられなくなった。しかし、そのころ、レーウェンフックにより微生物の存在が確認され、18世紀に入ってからは問題は微生物の自然発生に移される。この論争は、19世紀後半に、パスツールが巧妙な実験で、微生物の自然発生は空気中の胞子が侵入して繁殖することにほかならないことを証明するまで続いた。

 このように、自然発生説は完全に否定されたが、地球の発展過程の一段階として生起した生命の自然発生まで否定されているわけではない。

[上田哲行]

『パストゥール著、山口清三郎訳『自然発生説の検討』(岩波文庫)』

[参照項目] | 生命の起源

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Sichuan Magistrate - Shisenbugyo

>>:  Spontaneous Combustion - Mint

Recommend

Opiu - Opiu

...The fibers of the bark are very strong, and th...

Dragonfly - Dragonfly

A general term for insects belonging to the order ...

Heavenly drum - Tenko

[1] [Noun] ① A drum ringing in the heavens. Thunde...

Hishiya Shinden

A new rice field opened in Kawachi Province in the...

Sadakiyo Ishikawa

Year of death: 8th April 1625 (14th May 1625) Year...

Achillides maackii (English spelling) Achillidesmaackii

…[Takakura Tadahiro]. … *Some of the terminology ...

Boat ride - Yoribune

Since the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, this ter...

hemophilia

Definition and Concept Hemophilia is an X-linked r...

Fixed date payment - fixed date payment

…That is, entries of dates before the date of iss...

Anthracosauria

…Some species, such as Gerrothorax , had external...

Onoyama

A mountain in Ohara, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City. On th...

Koryuji Temple

Located in Hachioka-cho, Uzumasa, Ukyo Ward, Kyot...

Kinwun Mingyi (English spelling)

1821‐1908 He was the Prime Minister of the Konbaun...

Ugrino

…In the 1920s, he wrote the novel Perugia (1929)....

Lazarus - Greek name Lázaros

The name of a character who appears in the New Te...