Shizen Shin'ei-do

Japanese: 自然真営道 - しぜんしんえいどう

This book was written by Ando Shoeki (Kakuryudo Ryochu), a thinker from the mid-Edo period. It exists in both manuscript and published versions. The conventional wisdom until now has been that the published version was a summary of only the more moderate parts of the manuscript, which develops a theory that denies feudal society, out of fear of public outrage. However, in recent years, the published version has come to be recognized as containing original philosophical content, describing a view of nature and criticism of medical theory. The correlation between the manuscript and the published version remains to be studied in the future.

[Masahiko Miyake]

Manuscript of "Shizen Shin'ei-do"

Written on Mino paper, it originally consisted of 101 volumes and 93 books. The preface to volume 1 indicates the date of its creation, stating, "The second month of the fifth year of the Horeki era (1755)." Drawing on the lineage of the theory of fortune, which is a theory of illness in Koseiho medicine (a school of medicine in the Edo period that claims to have originated in China during the Jin and Yuan dynasties under the influence of Neo-Confucianism), the work presents its own theory of the unity of qi and the five elements of yin and yang, and asserts the inherent unity of nature, society, and the human body, the interdependence of all things, the naturalness of all human beings following productive activities, and the artificiality of class and status discrimination. The entire work is divided into four parts.

(1) Prologue: A fundamental theoretical description.

(2) The Theory of Ancient Books: Misconceptions, Errors, and Dismissal (Volumes 1-24) This section criticizes established ideologies such as Confucianism and Buddhism, and advocates respect for Amaterasu Omikami and the Emperor System.

(3) Volume on True Philosophy (Volume 25): Transitional social theory as a process of transforming the current discriminatory society into a true and ideal equal society.

(4) This section of Shizen Shin'ei-do (volumes 26 to 100): The theory of qi movement and his own medical theory covering all aspects of Chinese medicine.

The writing style is quite Japanese, with many original terms and coined characters, and the Chinese writing style is quite Japanese, with some notable features such as the use of the dialect of northern Ou, particularly the Hinai region of Akita. This work was unknown for a long time, until around 1899 (Meiji 32), when it was acquired by Kano Kokichi, a thinker from the Meiji to Showa periods. At that time, two volumes (numbers 38 and 39) had already been lost. Shortly after it was transferred to the Tokyo Imperial University Library in 1923 (Taisho 12), most of it was destroyed in the Great Kanto Earthquake. Currently, the only manuscripts held by the University of Tokyo Library are the "Daijo," and 12 volumes (numbers 1-9, 24, and 25). In 1924, Kano again acquired three copies of three volumes (numbers 35-37) from Yoshida Shoten in Tokyo. They are currently held by Keio University Library. In 1952, Uesugi Osamu, with the help of Nakazato Susumu, unearthed two copies of volumes 9 and 10 from the Iwaizumi Nari family home in Hachinohe City, Aomori Prefecture. They are currently in the possession of the Uesugi family.

[Masahiko Miyake]

Published book "Shizen Shin'ei-do"

3 volumes, 3 books. Published in March 1753 (3rd year of the Horeki era). The publishers of the first printing were Matsuba Seibei in Edo and Ogawa Genbei in Kyoto. Only the latter is a later printing. It includes a 1752 preface by Seiryoken Kakusen (a disciple of Shoeki and a physician to the Hachinohe domain, Kamiyama Senan) and Shoeki's own preface. From the standpoint that "Man is the whole of nature. Therefore, if one does not know nature, one does not know the life and death of one's own body and spirit" (preface), he discusses astronomy, geography, and the human body using his own unique theory of qi monism and the theory of yin and yang and the five elements, and criticizes existing Chinese medicine. The writing style is the same as the manuscript. A later printing of this work was discovered by Kano in 1932 (7th year of the Showa era) and is currently in the possession of the Keio University Library. The first edition was discovered in 1972 by Murakami Toshiaki (Sannohe Town, Aomori Prefecture) from the head family, the Murakami Toshi family (Nango Ward, Hachinohe City, Aomori Prefecture). Kamiyama Senan signed and stamped each volume, and made corrections to the first volume.

[Masahiko Miyake]

"The Complete Works of Ando Shoeki, Volume 1" (1981, Azekura Shobo) "Japanese Thought Series 45: Ando Shoeki and Sato Nobuhiro" (1977, Iwanami Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

江戸中期の思想家安藤昌益(しょうえき)（確龍堂良中(かくりゅうどうりょうちゅう)）の著書。稿本と刊本がある。これまでの通説では、封建制社会否定論が展開される稿本に対して、世をはばかって、その穏健な部分のみを要約したのが刊本だとされていた。だが、近年では、刊本に自然観と医学理論批判とを記述した独自の思想内容を認めるようになった。稿本と刊本の相関関係については、今後の研究をまたなければならない。

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稿本『自然真営道』

美濃(みの)紙に書かれた原稿で、もとは101巻93冊。成立年代を示唆する資料として、巻1の序に「宝暦(ほうれき)五乙亥(いつがい)二カ月」（1755）とある。後世方(こうせいほう)医学（中国の金(きん)・元(げん)代に、朱子学の影響を受けて成立した医学を祖述する江戸時代の一派）の病理論である運気論(うんきろん)の系譜を引きつつ、独自の気一元論、陰陽五行(いんようごぎょう)説を述べ、自然、社会、人体の本来的な合一、万物の相互依存性、人間すべてが生産活動に従う当然性、階級的・身分的差別の作為性を主張している。全巻は4部分に大別される。

(1)大序巻　原理論的叙述。

(2)古書説妄失糾棄(もうしつきゅうき)分（巻第1～24）　儒教・仏教など既成諸思想の批判と天照大神(あまてらすおおみかみ)、天皇制の尊重を説く。

(3)真道哲論巻（巻第25）　現実の差別社会を本来的・理想的な平等社会に変革する過程としての過渡的社会論など。

(4)自然真営道本書分（巻第26～100）　気の運動論と漢方全科にわたる自己の医学説。

　文章表現上、独自の用語や造字が多く、その漢文体はきわめて日本語的で、北奥羽とくに秋田比内(ひない)地方の方言を使うなどの特徴がある。本書は長らく世に知られなかったが、1899年（明治32）ごろ、明治～昭和の思想家狩野亨吉(かのうこうきち)が入手した。当時すでに第38、39の2巻2冊が散逸していた。1923年（大正12）東京帝国大学図書館に移譲された直後に関東大震災で大部分が焼失した。現在、東大総合図書館に所蔵される稿本は、「大序」、第1～9、24、25の12巻12冊のみである。24年、ふたたび狩野は東京の吉田書店から第35～37の3巻3冊の写本を入手した。現在は慶応義塾大学図書館所蔵。1952年（昭和27）さらに上杉修(おさむ)が中里進の協力によって、青森県八戸(はちのへ)市の岩泉也(いわいずみなり)家から第9、10の2巻2冊の写本を掘り起こした。現在、上杉家所蔵。

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刊本『自然真営道』

3巻3冊。1753年（宝暦3）3月刊行。初刷本(しょずりぼん)の出版元は、江戸の松葉清兵衛と京都の小川源兵衛。後刷(あとずり)本は後者だけ。1752年の静良軒確仙(せいりょうけんかくせん)（昌益の門人で八戸藩の側医、神山仙庵(かみやませんあん)）の「序」と昌益の「自序」を付す。「人は自然の全体也(なり)。故(ゆえ)に自然を知らざる則(とき)は吾(わ)が身神の生死を知らず」（自序）という立場から、独自の気一元論、陰陽五行説によって、天文、地理、人体を論じ、既成の漢方医学を批判した。文章表現上の特徴は稿本と同じである。本書の後刷本は1932年（昭和7）に狩野が発見し、現在は慶大図書館の所蔵。初刷本は1972年に村上寿秋（青森県三戸(さんのへ)町）が本家の村上寿一家（同県八戸市南郷(なんごう)区）から発見した。神山仙庵が各巻に署名押印し、第1巻には正誤を行っている。

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『『安藤昌益全集　第1巻』（1981・校倉書房）』▽『『日本思想大系45　安藤昌益・佐藤信淵』（1977・岩波書店）』

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