Charity work - Charity work

Japanese: 慈善事業 - じぜんじぎょう(英語表記)charity work
Charity work - Charity work

It refers to organized activities based on the idea of ​​charity. Charity is originally a Buddhist term, and means the practice of compassion. In this case, compassion is true friendship, and hi is kindness. The practice of compassion is said to involve turning others into oneself, and bringing life to oneself through the object of one's love. The Christian charity that charity refers to is further divided into Catholic charity and Protestant charity. Catholic charity is said to have its essence in loving all creatures because they resemble God, loving yourself and your neighbor because they resemble God, and striving to shape yourself to be more and more like God. Protestant charity, on the other hand, is based on the idea that humans are looked upon and loved by Jesus, and seeks to be based on the combination of self-love and neighbor-love for oneself and others.

Charity for the poor and sick has existed since early history. However, organized activities known as philanthropy began to emerge around the time of the Industrial Revolution. This was characterized by the fact that charity began to have an organized, scientific, and social nature. In other words, in philanthropy, the actor was an organization rather than an individual, and there was an orientation to scientifically understand the generation of problems faced by the target and the effects of business to prevent and solve these problems, and in turn, there were the beginnings of the idea of ​​social responsibility in conducting business. However, historians are divided on the last point, the social nature, with some denying it.

The typical development of charity work can be seen in England and America during the Industrial Revolution. It was a social response to the problem of poverty among the lower classes of urban society at that time, and its ideological basis was a medieval Christian charity that was further enriched by the idea of ​​philanthropy advocated by the 18th century Enlightenment. This charity work later developed into modern social work, and further into social security, social welfare, and the welfare state. However, in Japan, charity work developed into modern social work via reform and relief work, so it does not go through the same stages of development as in England and America. In any case, because of this historical process, even in the age of social work and social security, the image of charity can be mixed into people's perception of these things, causing them to be partially misunderstood.

[Yoshiya Soeda]

"History of Social Work by Hisakazu Yoshida and Susumu Takashima (1964, Seishin Shobo)"

[Reference items] | Compassion | Social work | Social welfare | Social security

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

慈善の理念に基づく組織的活動をいう。慈善とは元来は仏教用語であり、慈悲の実践を意味する。この慈は真実の友情であり、悲は優しさである。慈悲の実践は、他人を自己のうちに転回せしめること、対象において自己を生かすことであるとされる。charityが意味するキリスト教的慈善は、さらにカトリック的慈善とプロテスタント的慈善とに分かれる。カトリック的慈善は、あらゆる被造物は神に似ているから愛すること、汝(なんじ)自身と隣人を神に似ているから愛し、ますます神に似るように形成するべく努めることに本質があるとされる。また、プロテスタント的慈善は、人間はイエスによって目を注がれ、愛されており、そのような自分と他者に対する自己愛と隣人愛とが結合することに基礎づけが求められている。

 貧者や病者に対する慈善行為は、歴史の早い時期から存在していた。しかし、慈善事業とよばれる組織的活動は、産業革命前後からおこってくる。それは、慈善行為に対して、組織性、科学性、社会性をもち始めたところに特徴があった。すなわち、慈善事業においては、行為主体が個人ではなく組織であり、対象がもつ問題の生成やその予防・解決のための事業効果を科学的に理解していこうとする志向があり、ひいては事業を行う社会的責任の思想の萌芽(ほうが)があった。ただし、最後の社会性については、歴史家たちの判断に分かれがあり、それを認められないとするものもある。

 慈善事業の典型的展開は、産業革命期のイギリスやアメリカにみられる。それは、その時期の都市社会の下層における貧困問題に対する社会的対応であり、その思想的基礎づけは、中世のキリスト教的慈善が18世紀の啓蒙(けいもう)思想が主張した博愛の理念によって、より豊かにされたものによっていた。この慈善事業がのちに近代社会事業に発展し、さらに社会保障、社会福祉、福祉国家へとつながっていく。ただし、日本では、慈善事業は、感化救済事業を経て近代社会事業へと発展するので、イギリスやアメリカと同じ発展段階がみられるわけではない。しかし、いずれにせよ、このような歴史的経過があったので、社会事業や社会保障の時代になっても、それらに関する人々の認識に、慈善事業のイメージが混じり込み、それらの認識を部分的に誤らせるということがある。

[副田義也]

『吉田久一・高島進著『社会事業の歴史』(1964・誠信書房)』

[参照項目] | 慈悲 | 社会事業 | 社会福祉 | 社会保障

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Natural unemployment rate

>>:  Natural history

Recommend

椁 - くく

…The outer box that holds the coffin is called a c...

Iwase [village] - Iwase

A village in Iwase County, central Fukushima Prefe...

Orlando the Mad

This is an epic poem of chivalry consisting of 46 ...

Iwanami Culture

…Iwanami Shinsho, which was launched in 1963, was...

Sleepiness - Minsei

Silkworms hatching Deep From then until the cocoon...

Picot, G. (English spelling) PicotG

...a secret agreement reached in May 1916 during ...

Wash weir (civil engineering) - Arai weir

...A general term for a structure that crosses an...

Phantastic pseudology

This refers to a case where a person actively tell...

Corporate crime

Actions that a corporation or individual attempts ...

Ivan Ivanovich Panaev

1812‐62 Russian novelist. Born into an aristocrati...

Neptunea eulimata (English spelling) Neptuneaeulimata

…[Tadashige Nabe]. . … *Some of the terminology t...

Autumnal saffron (English spelling) Colchicum autumnale; colchicum

A perennial plant of the lily family. It grows wil...

Newly hatched larva

The term refers to the larvae of silkworms immedia...

Tonga climber

A climbing perennial vine of the Araceae family. I...

Aristocrat - Kizok

A group that is socially and traditionally recogn...