Among the components of a solution, the one with the greater amount (number of molecules) is called the solvent. The one with the smaller amount is the solute. In engineering, the liquid used to dissolve the solute is customarily called a "solvent", but in other fields it is included in the term "solvent". However, apart from this broad definition, solvent and solvent are still different things. For example, the change in absorption spectrum due to liquid properties is still the "solvent effect", and the "solvent effect" is somewhat odd. The emphasis of solvents is on "inside the solution". Solvation and solvates are both similar examples. There are various ways to classify solvents. Common methods include dividing solvents into polar and nonpolar solvents, and into "water" and "non-aqueous solvents". Solvents can also be divided into protic and aprotic solvents. Solvents that dissociate to form solvated protons, such as water and liquid ammonia, are called protic solvents, while those without dissociable protons, such as liquid sulfur dioxide and thionyl chloride, are called aprotic solvents. The choice of solvent must be guided by a variety of properties, such as dielectric constant, autodissociation constant, solubility parameter, and many other scales that fit various conditions. [Yamazaki Akira] "Solvents for synthesis and dissolution" edited by Kozo Shinoda (1969, Maruzen) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
溶体(溶液)の構成成分のうち、分量(分子数)の多いほうを溶媒という。これに対し少ないほうが溶質である。溶質を溶かすために用いる液体は、工学分野では「溶剤」とよぶ習わしであるが、それ以外の分野では溶媒のなかに含めてしまう。しかし、このような広義の場合を別とすれば、やはり溶媒と溶剤とは別のものである。たとえば、液性による吸収スペクトルの変化はやはり「溶媒効果」であり、「溶剤効果」はやや奇異である。溶媒は「溶液の中」におけるほうに主力点がある。溶媒和、溶媒化合物などもいずれも同様な例である。 溶媒はいろいろな分類法がある。極性溶媒と非極性溶媒に分けたり、「水」と「非水溶媒」とに区分したりするのはよく使われる分類法である。プロトン性溶媒と非プロトン性溶媒に分けることも行われる。水・液体アンモニアなど、解離して溶媒和プロトンをつくるものをプロトン性、液体二酸化硫黄(いおう)・塩化チオニルのように解離性のプロトンのないものを非プロトン性溶媒という。 溶媒の選択などには、いろいろな性質を指針とせざるをえない。誘電率、自己解離定数、溶解度パラメーター、その他種々の条件に適合した尺度が多数ある。 [山崎 昶] 『篠田耕三編『合成と溶解のための溶媒』(1969・丸善)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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